{"id":8508,"date":"2012-02-27T20:59:36","date_gmt":"2012-02-27T18:59:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/?p=8508"},"modified":"2012-02-27T20:59:36","modified_gmt":"2012-02-27T18:59:36","slug":"17-ve-18-yuzyil-islahat-hareketleri-ve-ozellikleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/17-ve-18-yuzyil-islahat-hareketleri-ve-ozellikleri.html","title":{"rendered":"17. ve 18. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Islahat Hareketleri ve \u00d6zellikleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

XVII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Islahatlar\u0131 ve \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nII. Osman<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nOsmanl\u0131 tarihinde ilk k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u0131slahat giri\u015fimleri II. Osman d\u00f6neminde (1618 \u2013 1622) ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. II. Osman d\u00f6nemi yenilikleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022II. Osman, saray d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan evlilik yaparak saray\u0131 halka a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022\u015eeyh\u00fclislam\u2019\u0131n fetva vermek d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yetkilerini elinden ald\u0131. B\u00f6ylece ilmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n devlet i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 engellenmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Zaman\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re yeni kanunlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022II. Osman Hotin Seferi\u2019nde yeni\u00e7erilerin durumunu g\u00f6r\u00fcnce Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kald\u0131rmak istedi. Ancak, Gen\u00e7 Osman d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini zamans\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurdu\u011fundan ve \u0131slahatlar s\u0131ras\u0131nda kendisine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak tecr\u00fcbeli devlet adam\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u0131slahat planlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilememi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nIV. Murat<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Yeni\u00e7eri ve sipahi zorbalar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bu durum \u0130stanbul\u2019da asayi\u015f ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022B\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n saray masraflar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oklu\u011fundan ve l\u00fczumsuz hediye ve bah\u015fi\u015flerden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce bunlar\u0131 azaltmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Mali y\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fct\u00e7esini \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Divan \u00fcyeleri ve di\u011fer y\u00f6neticilerden hazineye para aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Hazineye borcu olan ki\u015filerden bu bor\u00e7lar\u0131 tahsil etmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nK\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmet Pa\u015fa<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>
\nK\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmet Pa\u015fa;<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Memleketin i\u00e7 durumunu ele ald\u0131. Dini y\u00f6nden fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen \u0130stanbul ulemas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fik yerlere g\u00f6ndererek karga\u015faya son vermi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Maliyeyi d\u00fczene sokan K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmet Pa\u015fa, Kuyucu Murat Pa\u015fa ve IV. Murat gibi bask\u0131 ve \u015fiddet kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, kendi tavsiyesiyle o\u011flu Faz\u0131l Ahmet Pa\u015fa sadrazaml\u0131\u011fa getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Ordu ve donanmay\u0131 ele ald\u0131. \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ablukaya alan Venedik donanmas\u0131n\u0131 buradan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p, Venedik taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilen Limni, Bozcaada ve G\u00f6k\u00e7eada\u2019y\u0131 geri alarak Akdeniz yolunu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve Girit Adas\u0131\u2019na yard\u0131m g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Erdel Beyi Rako\u00e7i ve Halep Valisi Abaza Hasan Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n isyanlar\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rarak asayi\u015fi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022T\u0131marlar eskiden oldu\u011fu gibi sava\u015flarda yararl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterenlere verilmi\u015ftir. Anadolu ve Rumeli\u2019deki t\u0131marl\u0131 sipahilerin ger\u00e7ek mevcudunu \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in yoklamalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Haks\u0131zl\u0131k ve zorbal\u0131k yapan devlet memurlar\u0131 engellenerek kanun hakimiyeti kurulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Devletin duraklamas\u0131n\u0131n ve k\u00f6t\u00fc gidi\u015fat\u0131n durdurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in neler yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine ili\u015fkin devlet ileri gelenlerinden raporlar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyetlerinden biri olan Ko\u00e7i Bey, devletin Kanuni\u2019den sonra d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, kurumlar\u0131n nas\u0131l bozuldu\u011funu anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cKo\u00e7i Bey Risalesi\u201d adl\u0131 raporunu IV. Murat\u2019a takdim etmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022\u0130ran \u00fczerine iki defa sefer d\u00fczenlendi. Bu seferler s\u0131ras\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019daki Cel\u00e2liler ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, emniyet ve g\u00fcvenlik sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Uyu\u015fturucu maddelerin ve t\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131, gece soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nTarhuncu Ahmet Pa\u015fa<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nTarhuncu Ahmet Pa\u015fa mali alanda \u0131slahatlar yaparak devletin gelir \u2013 gider dengesini sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarhuncu Ahmet Pa\u015fa;<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Baz\u0131 illerin gelirinin iltizama verilmesini, dirlik sahiplerinin gelirlerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n da hazineye aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022B\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n saray masraflar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oklu\u011fundan ve l\u00fczumsuz hediye ve bah\u015fi\u015flerden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce bunlar\u0131 azaltmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Mali y\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fct\u00e7esini \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Divan \u00fcyeleri ve di\u011fer y\u00f6neticilerden hazineye para aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Hazineye borcu olan ki\u015filerden bu bor\u00e7lar\u0131 tahsil etmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nXVIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Islahatlar\u0131 ve \u00d6zellikleri<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nLale Devri<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022\u0130lk kez Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli merkezlerinde ge\u00e7ici el\u00e7ilikler a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 (Paris, Viyana, Moskova ve Lehistan). Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, el\u00e7ilikleri kurmakla; Avrupa\u2019daki teknik, bilimsel ve sosyal geli\u015fmeleri takip etmeyi ve Avrupa devletlerinin politikalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Said Efendi ve \u0130brahim M\u00fcteferrika taraf\u0131ndan ilk T\u00fcrk matbaas\u0131 kuruldu (1727). \u0130brahim M\u00fcteferrika\u2019n\u0131n evinde kurulan bu ilk Osmanl\u0131 matbaas\u0131nda dini kitaplar hari\u00e7 tarih, co\u011frafya ve edebiyata ait baz\u0131 kitaplar bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Matbaada bas\u0131lan ilk eser Vankulu L\u00fcgati adl\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde binlerce insan hattatl\u0131k yaparak ge\u00e7imlerini sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Bu insanlar\u0131 ma\u011fdur etmemek amac\u0131yla devlet \u00f6nceleri matbaada dini kitaplar\u0131n bas\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Yeni\u00e7erilerden olu\u015fturulan bir itfaiye \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc kurulmu\u015ftur (Tulumbac\u0131lar).<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Yalova\u2019da bir ka\u011f\u0131t imalathanesi kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022\u0130stanbul\u2019da bir kuma\u015f ve \u00e7ini imalathanesi a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022\u0130lk defa \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022K\u00fct\u00fcphaneler a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (En \u00f6nemlileri Enderun ve Yeni Cami k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleridir).<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Askeri alanda esasl\u0131 bir \u0131slahat g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f, s\u0131n\u0131rlarda baz\u0131 kaleler ve istihkamlar yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u0130stanbul surlar\u0131 onar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Do\u011fu kl\u00e2siklerinden baz\u0131 eserler T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Resim, minyat\u00fcr, edebiyat ve az da olsa bilim alan\u0131nda geli\u015fmeler g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Avrupa\u2019dan Rokoko ve Barok tarz\u0131 mimari \u00f6rnek al\u0131narak \u00e7e\u015fitli eserler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Osmanl\u0131 mimarisinin Avrupa mimarisinin etkisinde kalmas\u0131 sonucunda sivil mimari \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bu d\u00f6nemde sadece Do\u011fu\u2019da \u0130ran\u2019la sava\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022L\u00e2le Devri Patrona Halil \u0130syan\u0131 ile sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0I. Mahmut <\/span>
\n\u2022l. Mahmut orduya d\u00fczen vermenin ve Avrupa ordular\u0131 gibi sava\u015fa haz\u0131rlanman\u0131n l\u00fczumunu anlam\u0131\u015f ve bu i\u015fi Frans\u0131z as\u0131ll\u0131 Humbarac\u0131 Ahmet Pa\u015fa\u2019ya (Kont d\u00f6 Boneval) vermi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nAhmet Pa\u015fa;<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Osmanl\u0131 ordusundaki Humbarac\u0131 ve Top\u00e7u s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 \u0131slah etmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Ordunun \u0131slah\u0131 i\u00e7in raporlar haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Subay yeti\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla Kara M\u00fchendishanesi\u2019ni kurmu\u015ftur (1734). B\u00f6ylece Avrupa tarz\u0131nda ilk teknik okul a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Emrindeki k\u0131talar\u0131 Avrupa ordular\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenine g\u00f6re \u00f6rg\u00fctlemi\u015f, b\u00f6l\u00fck, tabur ve alay \u00f6rg\u00fctlerini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nIII. Mustafa<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nBu d\u00f6nemin \u0131slahatlar\u0131n\u0131 Sadrazam Koca Rag\u0131p Pa\u015fa ve Baron d\u00f6 Tot yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022III. Mustafa l\u00fczumsuz masraflar\u0131 keserek maliyede \u0131slahat yapt\u0131. \u0130lk defa bu d\u00f6nemde i\u00e7 bor\u00e7lanma sistemi (esham) uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Frans\u0131zca\u2019dan matematik ve astronomiyle ilgili kitaplar terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Fransa\u2019dan getirilen Baron d\u00f6 Tot top\u00e7u ve istihkam askerlerini \u0131slah etmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022S\u00fcrat Top\u00e7u Oca\u011f\u0131 kuruldu. Bu ocak Avrupa tarz\u0131nda yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Tophane \u0131slah edilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Deniz subay\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla Deniz M\u00fchendishanesi kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022\u00c7e\u015fme facias\u0131ndan sonra tersane \u0131slah edilerek yeni bir donanma kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nI. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nDevrin ileri gelen \u0131slahat\u00e7\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131 Halil Hamit Pa\u015fa ve Cezayirli Hasan Pa\u015fa\u2019d\u0131r. <\/span>
\n\u2022Halil Hamit Pa\u015fa, S\u00fcrat Top\u00e7u Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 geni\u015fleterek mevcudunu art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022\u0130stihkam Okulu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. La\u011f\u0131mc\u0131 ve Humbarac\u0131 ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi sa\u011fland\u0131. Kara ve deniz kuvvetlerini \u0131slah etmek i\u00e7in Avrupa\u2019dan \u00e7ok say\u0131da m\u00fchendis ve uzman getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Yeni\u00e7erilerin say\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. T\u0131mar sisteminde d\u00fczenlemeye gidildi. Ulufe al\u0131m sat\u0131m\u0131 yasakland\u0131. Halil Hamit Pa\u015fa maliyeyi d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131. Ancak ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>
\nIII. Selim<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nIII. Selim d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan \u0131slahatlara Nizam-\u0131 Cedit ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nem \u0131slahatlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezini askeri \u0131slahatlar olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Nizam-\u0131 Cedit Ordusu kuruldu. Bu ordu yeni\u00e7erilerden se\u00e7ilen ve Anadolu\u2019dan getirilen askerlerden kurulmu\u015ftur. Avrupa tarz\u0131nda e\u011fitilen bu ordu ilk askeri ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Akka\u2019da Frans\u0131zlara kar\u015f\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ordunun giderleri yeni kurulan \u0130rad-\u0131 Cedit hazinesi taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022III. Selim donanmaya \u00f6nem vermi\u015f ve tersaneyi \u0131slah etmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022M\u00fchendishane-i Berr-i H\u00fcmayun (Kara M\u00fchendishanesi) ve M\u00fchendishane-i Bahr-i H\u00fcmayun (Deniz M\u00fchendishanesi) ad\u0131yla okullar geni\u015fletilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Avrupa\u2019daki geli\u015fmeleri takip etmek ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini \u00f6\u011frenmek amac\u0131yla Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli merkezlerinde s\u00fcrekli el\u00e7ilikler kurulmu\u015f, Paris, Londra, Viyana ve Berlin\u2019e el\u00e7iler g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022\u00dclke paras\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferini korumak i\u00e7in yerli mal\u0131 \u00f6zendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Resmi devlet matbaas\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022\u0130lmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u0131slah\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Yeni kitaplar terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015f ve Frans\u0131zca devletin ilk resmi yabanc\u0131 dili haline getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span>
\nIII. Selim taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmak istenen \u0131slahatlar; yeni\u00e7erilerin tepkisi, devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n l\u00fcks ve israfa dalmalar\u0131, \u0130rad-\u0131 Cedit hazinesi i\u00e7in konulan vergilerin toplumda meydana getirdi\u011fi huzursuzluk ve yabanc\u0131 el\u00e7ilerin aleyhte propaganda yapmalar\u0131 gibi nedenlerden dolay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0Kabak\u00e7\u0131 Mustafa \u0130syan\u0131\u2019yla III. Selim \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f (1807) ve Nizam-\u0131 Cedit \u0131slahatlar\u0131 ortada kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0XVIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Islahatlar\u0131n\u0131n Genel \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong><\/span><\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n gerisinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlam\u0131\u015f ve Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 \u00f6rnek alarak yenilikler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Islahatlar padi\u015fah ve devlet adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, halk\u0131n \u0131slahatlar konusunda bir iste\u011fi ve deste\u011fi olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Sava\u015flar\u0131n yenilgiyle sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 ve toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n devam etmesi, \u0131slahatlar\u0131n askeri alanda yap\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022Islahatlar, g\u00f6sterilen tepkiler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden (\u00f6zellikle yeni\u00e7erilerin) devaml\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u2022XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0131slahatlar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha esasl\u0131 \u0131slahatlar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, \u0131slahatlarla ama\u00e7lanan hedefler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilememi\u015f ve devlet \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcden kurtar\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

XVII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Islahatlar\u0131 ve \u00d6zellikleri \u00a0 II. Osman \u00a0 Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde ilk k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u0131slahat giri\u015fimleri II. Osman d\u00f6neminde (1618 \u2013 1622) ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. II. Osman d\u00f6nemi yenilikleri \u015funlard\u0131r: \u00a0\u2022II. Osman, saray d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan evlilik yaparak saray\u0131 halka a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00a0\u2022\u015eeyh\u00fclislam\u2019\u0131n fetva vermek d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yetkilerini elinden ald\u0131. B\u00f6ylece ilmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n devlet i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 engellenmi\u015ftir. \u00a0\u2022Zaman\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re yeni kanunlar\u0131n … Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[29,7,14,20,26],"tags":[436,4033,4032,4031,4035,839,4030,4034],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8508"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8508"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8508\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8508"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8508"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8508"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}