{"id":616,"date":"2009-03-15T17:28:54","date_gmt":"2009-03-15T15:28:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/?p=616"},"modified":"2020-04-04T12:05:59","modified_gmt":"2020-04-04T09:05:59","slug":"ortacag-avrupanin-genel-ozellikleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/ortacag-avrupanin-genel-ozellikleri.html","title":{"rendered":"Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupan\u0131n Genel \u00d6zellikleri"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupan\u0131n Genel \u00d6zellikleri<\/h1>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-check\">\n<li>Kavimler g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcyle \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n yerini orta\u00e7a\u011f , k\u00f6leci d\u00fczenin yerini feodalite ald\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Feodal Beylikler,Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da etkiledi.<\/li>\n<li>Feodalitede toprak sahiplerine ve himayeyi kabul edenlere SENY\u00d6R-S\u00dcZEREN,<\/li>\n<li>Himaye alt\u0131na giren k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahiplerine VASSAL,topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleyen k\u00f6yl\u00fclere de SERF denir.<\/li>\n<li>Seny\u00f6rler, serfler \u00fczerinde mutlak haklara sahiptiler. Serfler toprakla beraber al\u0131n\u0131r-sat\u0131l\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Feodalitede, Soylular, Rahipler, Burjuvalar ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler olmak \u00fczere 4 sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f vard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Soylular Do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen bir hakt\u0131. Kendi aralar\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralan\u0131rlard\u0131: Kral, D\u00fck, Kont, Baron, Vikont, \u015e\u00f6valye. Soylular devlet i\u015fleri ve askerlikle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Rahipler Vergi vermezler. Kiliselerde dua ve din i\u015fleri ile u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. Aforoz, enterdi ve krallara ta\u00e7 giydirme yetkisi vard\u0131. Bu yetki din adamlar\u0131n\u0131 seny\u00f6rler gibi mutlak g\u00fcc\u00fcn sahibi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Burjuvalar(\u015eehirliler): \u015eatolar\u0131n etraf\u0131nda otururlard\u0131. Sanat ve ticaret sayesinde zengin oldular. Vergi verirlerdi.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00f6yl\u00fcler Serbest ve k\u00f6le (serf) k\u00f6yl\u00fcler olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Serflerin hi\u00e7bir hakk\u0131 yoktu ve torakla birlikte al\u0131n\u0131r-sat\u0131l\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>HIRISTIYANLIK<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>H\u0131r\u0131st\u0131yanl\u0131k, Milano Ferman\u0131 (313) ile serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. 330 y\u0131l\u0131nda Roman\u0131n resmi dini oldu. Kavimler g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcyle Avrupa&#8217;da Hakim din haline geldi. Kilise gibi \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bir kurum sayesinde h\u0131zla yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce alan\u0131nda Kilisenin koymu\u015f oldu\u011fu kurallar ge\u00e7erliydi. Buna dogmatizm denir. Bilgiyi, inanc\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi Kilisenin koymu\u015f oldu\u011fu normlarla birle\u015ftirmeye bu orta-\u00e7a\u011f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine SKOLAST\u0130K d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce denir. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede deney ve g\u00f6zleme yer yoktur. Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupa&#8217;s\u0131nda laiklik yoktu. Avrupa&#8217;da 6-12 yy aras\u0131 Karanl\u0131k \u00c7a\u011f, 12. yy&#8217;dan sonras\u0131 ise Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>H\u0131r\u0131st\u0131yanl\u0131kta ilk mezhep ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 325 \u0130znik Kons\u00fcl\u00fc ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu mezhepler AR\u0130AN\u0130ZM, NASTUR\u0130ZM ve MONOF\u0130Z\u0130ZMdir.<\/p>\n<p>451 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kad\u0131k\u00f6y Kons\u00fcl\u00fc ile \u0130stanbul Kilisesi Roma dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Ortodoksluk mezhebi do\u011fdu.<\/p>\n<p>Katolik Kilisesi dini ve d\u00fcnyevi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruyabilmek i\u00e7in Ortodoks Kilisesinin ve Protestanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n n\u00fcfuzunu k\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden \u00e7\u0131kan sava\u015flara MEZHEP SAVA\u015eLARI denir.<\/p>\n<p>-XVI. yy da Alman Kilisesinin Katoliklikten ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu Protestanl\u0131k mezhebi \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Rus Kilisesi de \u0130stanbul&#8217;dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u0130YAS\u0130 YAPI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupa&#8217;s\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7, Frank \u0130mp.lu\u011fuydu.<\/p>\n<p>-Frank \u0130mp.lu\u011funun temeli Merovenjler zaman\u0131nda at\u0131ld\u0131. (Bu hanedan zaman\u0131nda \u0130spanya m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131, Puvatya Sava\u015f\u0131nda (732) Franklara yenildiler. Daha sonra Karolenjler y\u00f6netime egemen oldular.<\/p>\n<p>-Karolenjler y\u00f6netiminde karde\u015f kavgalar\u0131na Strazburg Yemini ile son verilmesine ra\u011fmen sava\u015flar yeniden ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>-Verd\u00fcn Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (843) ile Frank \u0130mp.lu\u011fu par\u00e7aland\u0131 ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Fransa, Almanya ve \u0130talya devletlerinin temeli at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>-Frank \u0130mp.lu\u011funun par\u00e7aland\u0131\u011f\u0131 IX. yy da Normanlar kuzeyden gelerek Avrupa&#8217;y\u0131 istilaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p>-Normanlar, Feodalitenin \u0130ngiltere ve \u0130talya&#8217;ya ge\u00e7mesine neden oldular. Araplar\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesiyle de \u0130spanyaya ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n<p><strong>ORTA\u00c7A\u011eDA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Avrupa&#8217;da:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-Fransa&#8217;da&#8212; Frank \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/p>\n<p>-Almanya&#8217;da &#8212;Mukaddes Roma Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/p>\n<p>-\u0130stanbul&#8217;da&#8212; Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletlerdi.<\/p>\n<p>-Mukaddes Roma-Germen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Papa aras\u0131nda tevcih (din adamlar\u0131n\u0131 ata-ma)kavgalar\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130NG\u0130LTERE <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcyle birlikte \u0130ngiltere&#8217;de yedi krall\u0131k kuruldu(Briton, \u0130sko\u00e7, Galler (vs).<\/p>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-check\">\n<li>-Yurtsuz Jan, halk\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131yla 1215 y\u0131l\u0131nda Magna Carta\u2019y\u0131 (B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015eart) ilan etti.<\/li>\n<li>-Buna g\u00f6re halk\u0131n r\u0131zas\u0131 olmadan vergi al\u0131nmayacak, \u00f6zg\u00fcrler haks\u0131z yere tutuklamayacak, hapis ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edemeyecekti.<\/li>\n<li>-Bu belge Avrupa\u2019da ilk demokrasi hareketi ve ilk Anayasa Kabul edilir.<\/li>\n<li>-Bu fermandan sonra \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Parl\u00e2mento a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 (1295)<\/li>\n<li>-Lordlar ve Avam Meclisi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupan\u0131n Genel \u00d6zellikleri Kavimler g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcyle \u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n yerini orta\u00e7a\u011f , k\u00f6leci d\u00fczenin yerini feodalite ald\u0131. Feodal Beylikler,Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da etkiledi. Feodalitede toprak sahiplerine ve himayeyi kabul edenlere SENY\u00d6R-S\u00dcZEREN, Himaye alt\u0131na giren k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahiplerine VASSAL,topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleyen k\u00f6yl\u00fclere de SERF denir. Seny\u00f6rler, serfler \u00fczerinde mutlak haklara sahiptiler. Serfler toprakla beraber al\u0131n\u0131r-sat\u0131l\u0131rlard\u0131. Feodalitede, &#8230; <a title=\"Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupan\u0131n Genel \u00d6zellikleri\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/ortacag-avrupanin-genel-ozellikleri.html\" aria-label=\"More on Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupan\u0131n Genel \u00d6zellikleri\">Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-616","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dn","category-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/616","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=616"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/616\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=616"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=616"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=616"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}