{"id":60349,"date":"2015-12-12T20:43:33","date_gmt":"2015-12-12T18:43:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/?p=60349"},"modified":"2020-04-02T11:53:01","modified_gmt":"2020-04-02T08:53:01","slug":"veri-toplama-yontemleri-nelerdir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/veri-toplama-yontemleri-nelerdir.html","title":{"rendered":"Veri Toplama Y\u00f6ntemleri Nelerdir?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Veri Toplama Y\u00f6ntemleri<\/h1>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-check\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">A- Yaz\u0131l\u0131 Kaynaklar (kitap, dergi, istatistik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, raporlar&#8230;)<\/span> <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">B- G\u00f6zlem (Olaylar\u0131 do\u011fal g\u00f6zlem, pasif g\u00f6zlem, aktif g\u00f6zlem. Grubun i\u00e7ine girince (aktif) objektif olunmaz)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">C- \u0130\u00e7erik \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">D- G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme (M\u00fclakat)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">E- Soru Ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 \u2013 Anket<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Belirtmek gerekir ki bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yukar\u0131daki tekniklerden birisine a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin yaln\u0131z anket \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na, g\u00f6zlem veya yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklara dayal\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar gibi. Ancak daha yayg\u0131n olan\u0131 bunlar\u0131n hepsinin veya birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n birlikte kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynak derlemesi olmadan s\u0131rf g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme, anket veya i\u00e7erik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesine dayal\u0131 olarak bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ender bir uygulamad\u0131r.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<h2>A- Yaz\u0131l\u0131 Kaynaklar<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Konu hakk\u0131nda di\u011fer ki\u015fi ve kurumlar taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitli yaz\u0131 belge, yap\u0131m veya kal\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n toplanmas\u0131 ve incelenmesidir. Genellikle alan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce konuyla ilgili daha \u00f6nce yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n kay\u0131tlar\u0131ndan ve derlenmi\u015f bilgi kaynaklar\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar aras\u0131nda konuyla ilgili olmak ko\u015fulu ile her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kitap, makale, istatistik, gazete yaz\u0131s\u0131, yasal belge, tutanak, biyografi, ki\u015fisel an\u0131, mektup vs. say\u0131labilir. Ancak bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda harita, resim, foto\u011fraf ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc band\u0131 gibi g\u00f6rsel ara\u00e7larla teyp, plak, kaset gibi i\u015fitsel kaynaklar da \u00f6nemli yer tutarlar. Yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar da kendi aralar\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekilde grupland\u0131r\u0131labilir. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-check\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">\u00a0Kitaplar, dergiler, \u00e7e\u015fitli istatistiki kaynaklar, resmi rapor ve yaz\u0131\u015fmalar, kurum kay\u0131tlar\u0131. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Vak\u2019a \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin kay\u0131tlar.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0Ki\u015fisel belgeler<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Dolayl\u0131 belgeler; ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusuyla do\u011frudan do\u011fruya ilgili olmasa bile dolayl\u0131 olarak konuya \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutabilecek belgeler (rehber, y\u0131ll\u0131k, ansiklopedi ve s\u00f6zl\u00fcklerle di\u011fer teknik belgeler).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bilgisayarlar\u0131n birbirine ba\u011flanmas\u0131 ile ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde bilgisayar a\u011flar\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Bu da, baz\u0131 firmalar\u0131n belirli konularda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi toplayarak \u201cbilgi bankalar\u0131\u201d olu\u015fturmalar\u0131na olanak vermi\u015ftir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ya da ba\u011fl\u0131 bulundu\u011fu kurulu\u015f arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n neresinde olursa olsun, bilgisayardaki bu bilgilere an\u0131nda ula\u015fma olana\u011f\u0131na sahip bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu da ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131ya yeni ufuklar a\u00e7makta ve geleneksel y\u00f6ntemlerle kaynak derlemenin s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ortadan kald\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">B- G\u00f6zlem:<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">G\u00f6zlem tekni\u011fi genellikle do\u011fa ile u\u011fra\u015fan bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir y\u00f6ntem olarak dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. G\u00f6zlem, do\u011fal olay veya davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesi, kaydedilmesi ve kuralla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik sistematik bir faaliyettir. G\u00f6zlemin bilimsel bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 i\u00e7in veri toplama i\u015flemi sistematik bir bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Elde edilen bilgiler yine sistematik olarak toplanan ba\u015fka verilerle ili\u015fkilendirilmeli ve genel davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">G\u00f6zlenen nesnenin, olay\u0131n ve davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n do\u011fal ortam\u0131nda olmas\u0131, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n daha nesnel olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu y\u00f6ntem toplumsal bilimlerde pek fazla kullan\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r. Toplumsal olaylar\u0131n, olgular\u0131n g\u00f6zleminde g\u00f6zleyenin \u00f6znel bir tak\u0131m de\u011ferlendirmelerde bulunmas\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde nesnellikten uzakla\u015ft\u0131rma tehlikesini de beraberinde getirir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Do\u011fal ortam ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n tipik bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olan g\u00f6zlem, olaylar\u0131n do\u011fal olu\u015fum i\u00e7inde izlenmesini esas al\u0131r. Fakat g\u00f6zlemin s\u0131radan bir faaliyet olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p bilimsel bir nitelik kazanabilmesi i\u00e7in baz\u0131 ko\u015fullar gerekir. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Bunlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-asterisk\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">&#8211; G\u00f6zlem belirli bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma amac\u0131na hizmet etmelidir. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&#8211; Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nceden planlanm\u0131\u015f bir faaliyet olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&#8211; G\u00f6zlem sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 sistematik olarak kaydedilmelidir.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&#8211; Tutarl\u0131l\u0131k ve ge\u00e7erlilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00f6zlem sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 kan\u0131tlanabilmelidir.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenecek olay ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 belirledikten sonra ne zaman ve ne \u015fekilde g\u00f6zlem yapaca\u011f\u0131na karar verecektir. Olaylar belirli aral\u0131klarla ya da s\u00fcrekli bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6zlemlenebilirler. S\u00fcrekli zaman g\u00f6zlemleri olay\u0131n ger\u00e7ek olu\u015fum s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da s\u00fcresini g\u00f6sterir. S\u00fcrekli g\u00f6zlemin olanaks\u0131z ya da gereksiz bulundu\u011fu durumlarda hangi s\u0131kl\u0131kta g\u00f6zlem yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na karar vermek gerekir. Bu ama\u00e7la zaman \u00f6rneklemesi de yap\u0131labilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">G\u00f6zlem sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 kayda ge\u00e7irilmelidir. Bunun i\u00e7inde sonu\u00e7lar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir nitelikte olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Fakat bazen sosyal olay veya davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mekte \u00f6nemli g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler bulunabilir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, g\u00fcvenilir g\u00f6zlemde bulunabilmek i\u00e7in bu konuda haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tamamlam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer g\u00f6zlemde alet kullanma olana\u011f\u0131 varsa bundan da yararlan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">G\u00f6zlem g\u00fcnl\u00fck, s\u0131radan olaylar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131labilece\u011fi gibi en karma\u015f\u0131k laboratuvar deneylerini de kapsam\u0131na alabilen bir tekniktir. Bu nedenle hem basit, hem de geli\u015fmi\u015f bir teknik olarak alg\u0131lanabilir. Basit ve sistematik olmak \u00fczere iki grupta incelenir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>1- Basit G\u00f6zlem:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Standart bir tekni\u011fe dayanmayan, tekrarlanmas\u0131 rastlant\u0131lara ba\u011fl\u0131 olan g\u00f6zlemdir. <span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><br \/>\nBasit g\u00f6zlem;<br \/>\na- Kat\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131,<br \/>\nb- Kat\u0131l\u0131ms\u0131z<br \/>\nolmak \u00fczere iki bi\u00e7imde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>a- Kat\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 g\u00f6zlem<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Bu g\u00f6zlem bi\u00e7iminde g\u00f6zlemci, herhangi bir g\u00f6zlem arac\u0131 kullanmadan olaya do\u011frudan kat\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00f6zlemci olay\u0131n i\u00e7inde grubun bir \u00fcyesi gibi yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ek kimli\u011fini gizlemek durumundad\u0131r. Bu tekni\u011fin en olumlu yan\u0131, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6zleyenin ger\u00e7ek kimli\u011fini bilmedi\u011finden daha do\u011fal ve net davran\u0131\u015flar sergilemesidir. G\u00f6zlemci i\u00e7in olumlu yan\u0131 ise di\u011fer tekniklerle elde edemeyece\u011fi baz\u0131 bilgilere bu y\u00f6ntemle daha rahat ula\u015fabilmesidir. Bu y\u00f6ntemin olumsuz yanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki de\u011ferlendirmeler, \u015fu d\u00f6rt nokta \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-star\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">G\u00f6zlemci, amac\u0131n\u0131n bilincinde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in olaya tam kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamaz.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">G\u00f6zlemcinin olaylara kat\u0131l\u0131m \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc, g\u00f6zlenen olaylar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">G\u00f6zlemcinin grup \u00fcyeleri ile b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmesi tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yitirmesine neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">\u00a0Ayn\u0131 grup ve ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullarda farkl\u0131 g\u00f6zlemcilerin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 sonucu elde edilen veriler ya da sonu\u00e7lar belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde \u00f6znel bir tak\u0131m yarg\u0131lar\u0131 da i\u00e7erece\u011finden ortak sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 zordur.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>b- Kat\u0131l\u0131ms\u0131z g\u00f6zlem<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">\u00a0G\u00f6zlemcinin g\u00f6zlenen olay\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde do\u011frudan bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlem t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. D\u0131\u015far\u0131dan bakan g\u00f6zlemci, i\u00e7eride olup bitenleri g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc halde, g\u00f6zlenen ki\u015finin veya grubun bundan haberi olamaz. G\u00f6zlemcinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile g\u00f6zleneni etkileme tehlikesi en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeydedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>2- Sistematik g\u00f6zlem<\/strong>:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Sistematik g\u00f6zlemde g\u00f6zlenen olay veya olguda belirli bir kal\u0131b\u0131n g\u00f6zlemci taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Bu da verileri denetleme olana\u011f\u0131 ile basit g\u00f6zlemde do\u011fabilecek baz\u0131 sak\u0131ncalar\u0131n ortadan kalkmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bu t\u00fcrde, bir u\u00e7ta yap\u0131lanmam\u0131\u015f ya da a\u00e7\u0131k &#8211; sonlu g\u00f6zlemler, di\u011fer u\u00e7ta ise nispeten yap\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f y\u00f6ntemler yer al\u0131r. Birincide ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 ayr\u0131m g\u00f6zetmeden, olabildi\u011fince ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n tam bir tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Di\u011feri ise olay\u0131n say\u0131m\u0131, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ve grupland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na dayanan bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ikinci yakla\u015f\u0131mda ne t\u00fcr olay veya davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n kaydedilece\u011fine ve g\u00f6zlemin hangi s\u0131kl\u0131kta yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na \u00f6nceden karar verilmelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">En a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 durumda g\u00f6zlem, olayla ilgili her \u015feyi aynen ortaya koyar, yani bir t\u00fcr olay\u0131n ger\u00e7ek yans\u0131mas\u0131 durumundad\u0131r. Fakat buna ne olanak ne de gerek vard\u0131r. G\u00f6zlemde temel ilke, olay\u0131 aynen yinelemek de\u011fil, onu \u00f6zetlemek, basitle\u015ftirmek ve sistemle\u015ftirmektir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>C- \u0130\u00e7erik \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"> Kitle ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmeler bu alandaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 da \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemektedir. \u0130\u00e7erik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeleri, yaz\u0131l\u0131, g\u00f6rsel ve i\u015fitsel alanlardaki yay\u0131nlar\u0131n irdelenmesini ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r ve \u0130leti\u015fim alan\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a yo\u011fun olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7erik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi, bir mesaj\u0131n i\u00e7indeki verilerden yinelenebilir ve anlaml\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar yapabilen ve g\u00fcvenilir sonu\u00e7lar vermesi beklenen bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma tekni\u011fidir. Amaca y\u00f6nelik olarak yap\u0131lan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemenin \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 uygulamas\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-star\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Pragmatik (faydac\u0131) \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme: \u0130letilerin verildi\u011fi zamanlardaki s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n say\u0131larak nas\u0131l bir etkisi olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak. (\u00d6rne\u011fin TV\u2019de reklamlar\u0131n verilme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Anlambilimsel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme: \u0130letide ya da i\u00e7erik analizi yap\u0131lan g\u00f6rsel, i\u015fitsel veya yaz\u0131sal olaylar\u0131n metinlerindeki s\u00f6zc\u00fck, terim ve kavramlar\u0131n yinelenme say\u0131lar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">\u0130\u015faret arac\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme: \u0130letinin i\u00e7eri\u011finin \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\"><strong>D- G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme (M\u00fclakat-Interview)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">\u00a0Herhangi bir konuda geni\u015f bilgi edinilmek istendi\u011finde ba\u015fvurulan bir y\u00f6ntem olan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme toplumbilimcilerin s\u0131k s\u0131k ba\u015fvurduklar\u0131 bir tekniktir. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen her ki\u015fiye ayn\u0131 sorular y\u00f6neltilir. Y\u00fcz y\u00fcze bir ili\u015fkiye dayanmas\u0131, verilerin elde edilmesinde a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ve kesinlik kazand\u0131r\u0131r. Konuyu daha fazla ayd\u0131nlatmak i\u00e7in yeni sorular sorma olana\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda g\u00f6r\u015f\u00fclen ki\u015finin fazla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Al\u0131nan yan\u0131tlar, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmecinin elindeki y\u00f6nerge do\u011frultusunda de\u011ferlendirilir. Bununla birlikte kendisiyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen ki\u015finin inan\u00e7, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve yarg\u0131lar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sonu\u00e7larda bir sapma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma tekni\u011fi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeye daha \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlanan bir soru klavuzu ile ba\u015flamakta yarar vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">E- Soru ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 &#8211; Anket<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Toplumu ilgilendiren konularda objektif bilgi toplamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Soru ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131, farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde adland\u0131r\u0131labilir. Bu tan\u0131mlamalarda soru ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m \u015fekli b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde belirleyici olmaktad\u0131r. Prof.Dr. Birsen G\u00d6K\u00c7E\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flamada \u201csoru ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131\u201d posta yoluyla ya da topluluklara da\u011f\u0131t\u0131larak yap\u0131lan bir uygulama olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor. Posta ile olmas\u0131 durumunda, g\u00f6nderilen soru ka\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn geri gelmemesi gibi bir sak\u0131ncay\u0131 da beraberinde getirir. Ancak bu y\u00f6ntemde soru ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n\u0131 yan\u0131tlayan ki\u015finin do\u011frudan do\u011fruya yan\u0131tlar\u0131 soru ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131na aktarmas\u0131, daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar vermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yararl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Anket, bilgi al\u0131nacak ki\u015filerin do\u011frudan do\u011fruya okuyup cevapland\u0131racaklar\u0131 bir soru listesinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 \u015feklinde yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemdir. En \u00e7ok uygulanan \u015fekil yukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi gibi anket soru veya listelerinin deneklere postayla g\u00f6nderilmesi, cevaplar\u0131n da yine postayla al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. Posta yoluyla uygulanan ankette, soru listelerine ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 yapan ki\u015fi ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve cevaplamayla ilgili \u00f6zellik ta\u015f\u0131yan di\u011fer noktalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan bir de yaz\u0131 eklemek gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Anket sorular\u0131 postayla g\u00f6nderilebilece\u011fi gibi, cevaplama bir anket\u00e7i yard\u0131m\u0131yla da yap\u0131labilir. \u0130kincisinde sorulara verilen cevaplar\u0131 anket\u00e7inin kendisi anket ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131na i\u015faretler. Di\u011fer bir yol da denekleri bir araya toplayarak veya toplu olarak bulunduklar\u0131 bir yerde anket uygulayarak sorular\u0131n do\u011frudan cevapland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir fabrikada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7iler veya bir k\u00fct\u00fcphanedeki okuyucular \u00fczerine uygulanan anketler bu t\u00fcrdendir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Anket uygulamas\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli noktalardan birisi ku\u015fkusuz anket sorular\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Anket sorular\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesi, bilgi, sab\u0131r, \u00f6zen isteyen ve \u00f6n ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 gerektiren bir i\u015flemdir. Sorular, herkes taraf\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde anla\u015f\u0131lacak bi\u00e7imde k\u0131sa, a\u00e7\u0131k ve kesin olmal\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme tekni\u011findeki gibi sorular\u0131n yeniden dile getirilmemesi veya tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 soru sorulamamas\u0131, anket sorular\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015ftan dikkatli bir \u015fekilde haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Sorular haz\u0131rlanmadan \u00f6nce \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kapsam\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak belirlenirse bu farkl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri soru \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek olduk\u00e7a kolayla\u015f\u0131r. Daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir deyi\u015fle, elde edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan her bilgi ankette bir soru \u015feklinde ifade edilmelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Anket sorular\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlamada ge\u00e7erli iki ana ilke vard\u0131r. Bunlardan birisi, sorulacak her sorunun ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ana konusu veya hipotezi ile do\u011frudan ili\u015fkili olmas\u0131, ikincisi ise soru cetvelinin bir i\u00e7 b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe sahip bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ilkelerden birincisi ilgisiz sorular\u0131n sorulmamas\u0131n\u0131, ikincisi birbirine benzer sorular\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131nda grupland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla soru cetvellerinin mant\u0131ki bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Haz\u0131rlama tekni\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da anket sorular\u0131 iki t\u00fcrl\u00fc olabilir: \u201cKapal\u0131-u\u00e7lu\u201d sorular ve \u201ca\u00e7\u0131k-u\u00e7lu\u201d sorular. E\u011fer sorulan soruya verilecek cevap se\u00e7enekleri tam olarak belirlenmi\u015fse, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, sorular sistemle\u015ftirilmi\u015fse bunlara kapal\u0131-u\u00e7lu sorular denir. \u0130kinci durumda dene\u011fe, sorular\u0131 serbest\u00e7e cevaplama ve cevaplar\u0131 kendi ifadeleriyle dile getirme olana\u011f\u0131 verilmi\u015f olmaktad\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n cevaplar konusunda \u00f6nceden bilgi sahibi bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik cevaplar alma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu veya derinlemesine cevaplar al\u0131nmak istendi\u011fi durumlarda a\u00e7\u0131k &#8211; u\u00e7lu soru \u015fekli tercih edilmelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Demek oluyor ki hangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bir sistemle\u015fmeye gidilece\u011fi, ya da cevaplamada ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde serbest davran\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, biraz da ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin bilgi ve sondaj sorular\u0131, nitelikleri gere\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k u\u00e7lu olmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;\">Sistemle\u015ftirilmi\u015f sorular ise d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen cevaplar\u0131n \u00f6nceden belirlenip se\u00e7enekler \u015feklinde sunuldu\u011fu sorulard\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fine g\u00f6re bir ankette her iki t\u00fcrden de soru yer alabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Veri Toplama Y\u00f6ntemleri A- Yaz\u0131l\u0131 Kaynaklar (kitap, dergi, istatistik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, raporlar&#8230;) B- G\u00f6zlem (Olaylar\u0131 do\u011fal g\u00f6zlem, pasif g\u00f6zlem, aktif g\u00f6zlem. Grubun i\u00e7ine girince (aktif) objektif olunmaz) C- \u0130\u00e7erik \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi D- G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme (M\u00fclakat) E- Soru Ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 \u2013 Anket Belirtmek gerekir ki bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yukar\u0131daki tekniklerden birisine a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin yaln\u0131z anket \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na, g\u00f6zlem veya &#8230; <a title=\"Veri Toplama Y\u00f6ntemleri Nelerdir?\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/veri-toplama-yontemleri-nelerdir.html\" aria-label=\"More on Veri Toplama Y\u00f6ntemleri Nelerdir?\">Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":60350,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-60349","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mt"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60349","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=60349"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60349\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/60350"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60349"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=60349"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=60349"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}