{"id":55944,"date":"2015-02-10T23:28:56","date_gmt":"2015-02-10T21:28:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/?p=55944"},"modified":"2015-02-10T23:35:09","modified_gmt":"2015-02-10T21:35:09","slug":"mezopotamya-uygarliklari-ve-ozellikleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/mezopotamya-uygarliklari-ve-ozellikleri.html","title":{"rendered":"Mezopotamya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mezopotamya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mezopotamya<\/b> (Yunanca \u039c\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1<\/i>=Mesopotamia<\/i>: iki \u0131rmak aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lge<\/i>), Ortado\u011fu’da, Dicle ve F\u0131rat nehirleri aras\u0131nda kalanb\u00f6lge. Mezopotamya g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Irak, kuzeydo\u011fu Suriye, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu ve g\u00fcneybat\u0131 \u0130ran topraklar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Irak<\/i>‘\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan b\u00f6lge, tarihte bir\u00e7ok medeniyetin be\u015fi\u011fi olmu\u015ftur.[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n

Mezopotamya, baz\u0131 kaynaklarda medeniyetlerin be\u015fi\u011fi<\/i> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bereketli topraklar\u0131 ve uygun iklim \u015fartlar\u0131 nedeniyle \u00e7ok eski zamanlardan beri yerle\u015fmeye sahne olmu\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok istilaya u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilinen ilk okur-yazar topluluklar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgede bir\u00e7ok medeniyet geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Mezopotamya S\u00fcmer, Babil, Asur, Akad ve Elam gibi en eski ve b\u00fcy\u00fck medeniyetlerin do\u011fdu\u011fu ve geli\u015fti\u011fi yerdir.<\/p>\n

Hi\u00e7bir zaman Mezopotamya olarak an\u0131lan belirli bir siyasi mevcudiyet olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirli bir idari b\u00f6lge de de\u011fildir. Basit anlamdaYunan tarih\u00e7ileri bu b\u00f6lgeyi anmak i\u00e7in bu ismi anm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
H\u0130T\u0130TLER<\/span><\/i><\/center><\/p>\n
    \n
  • Anadolu’ya Kafkaslar’dan geldikleri tahmin edilmektedir.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak \u00e7evresinde kurulmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015f\u015fehirleri HATTU\u015eA\u015e (Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y)’d\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Hititler Suriye topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7in M\u0131s\u0131r ile yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sava\u015f sonucunda KADE\u015e ANTLA\u015eMASINI imzalad\u0131lar. Kade\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 tarihte bilinen ilk antla\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Hititler’de asillerden olu\u015fan PANKU\u015e denilen bir meclis vard\u0131. Bu meclis kral\u0131n yetkilerini k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131yordu.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Hititlerde kraldan sonra en yetkili ki\u015fi TAVANANNA denilen krali\u00e7eydi.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Hititler krallar\u0131n\u0131n hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan ANAL ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131 haz\u0131rlayarak, tarafs\u0131z TAR\u0130H YAZICILI\u011eI’n\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Hititler kayalar\u0131 d\u00fczle\u015ftirerek, tanr\u0131 kabartmalar\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. ( \u0130vriz ve Yaz\u0131l\u0131kaya Kabartmalar\u0131 Hititlere aittir.)<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Hititler Asurlular taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
L\u0130DYALILAR<\/span><\/i><\/center><\/p>\n
    \n
  • Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Gediz ve Menderes \u0131rmaklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgeye eski \u00e7a\u011flarda L\u0130DYA deniliyordu.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Ba\u015fkentleri SARDES(Sard)’d\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Lidyal\u0131lar ticarette geli\u015ftiler. Tarihte PARA’y\u0131 ilk kez kullanan Lidyal\u0131lar’d\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Lidyal\u0131lar Efes’ten ba\u015flay\u0131p, Mezopotamya’daki Ninova’ya kadar uzanan KRAL YOLU’nun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131nda<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    etkili oldular.<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Lidyal\u0131lara Persler son vermi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Lidyal\u0131lar\u0131n k\u0131sa zamanda y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi, ordular\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli kavimlerden toplanan \u00fccretli askerlerden olu\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.(D\u00fczenli ve s\u00fcrekli milli ordusunu olu\u015fturamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
PERSLER<\/span><\/i><\/center><\/p>\n
    \n
  • Anadolu M.\u00d6 543-333 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0130ran’da kurulan PERS \u0130MPARATORLU\u011eUNUN hakimiyetinde kald\u0131.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S\u00dcMERLER<\/span><\/i><\/center><\/p>\n
    \n
  • Birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z S\u0130TE denilen \u015fehir devletleri halinde ya\u015fad\u0131lar. En \u00f6nemli \u015fehirleri; Ur, Uruk, Laga\u015f’t\u0131r. Bu \u015fehir devletleri ENS\u0130 veya PATES\u0130 denilen Rahip-krallar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyordu.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • \u00c7ok tanr\u0131l\u0131 inanca sahip S\u00fcmerlerin tap\u0131naklar\u0131na Z\u0130GGURAT denirdi.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Mezopotamya’da evler ve tap\u0131naklar ta\u015f az oldu\u011fundan kerpi\u00e7 ve tu\u011fladan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • NOT: Hem bu \u00f6zelli\u011finden hem de s\u0131k s\u0131k istilalara u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu yap\u0131lar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/span><\/li>\n
  • G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temeli olan yaz\u0131y\u0131 (\u00c7\u0130V\u0130 YAZISI) ilk kez S\u00fcmerler bulmu\u015ftur.(M\u00d6. 3500)<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Tarihte \u0130lk yaz\u0131l\u0131 hukuk kurallar\u0131 S\u00fcmerler taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Bu \u00f6zellikleri ile S\u00fcmerlere d\u00fcnyadaki ilk Hukuk devleti diyebiliriz.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • NOT: Laga\u015f Kral\u0131 URUKAG\u0130NE taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 kanunlar “fidye ve bedel” sistemine dayan\u0131yordu.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • S\u00fcmerlerin en \u00f6nemli edebiyat eserleri; G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131, Yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131 ve Tufan Hikayesi’dir.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • S\u00fcmerler Matematik ve Geometrinin temellerini atn\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (D\u00f6rt i\u015flemi bulmu\u015flar, dairenin alan\u0131n\u0131 hesaplam\u0131\u015flar, \u00e7arpma ve b\u00f6lme cetvelleri haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.)<\/span><\/li>\n
  • S\u00fcmerler astronomide de geli\u015fmi\u015flerdir. (Bur\u00e7lar\u0131 bulmu\u015flar, bir ay\u0131 30, bir y\u0131l\u0131 360 g\u00fcn olarak hesaplam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • NOT: D\u00fcnyada ilk kez AY YILI hesab\u0131na dayanan takvimi S\u00fcmerler bulmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Son ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re \u00f6rf, adet,geleneklerine ve dil yap\u0131lar\u0131na, kulland\u0131klar\u0131 aletlere bak\u0131larak S\u00fcmerlerin Mezopotamya’ya Orta Asya’dan geldikleri T\u00fcrk olabilecekleri tahmin edilmektedir.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Akkadlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
AKADLAR<\/span><\/i><\/center><\/p>\n
    \n
  • Arap Yar\u0131madas\u0131ndan Mezopotamya’ya gelen Sami k\u00f6kenli bir kavimdir.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • \u0130lk s\u00fcrekli ve d\u00fczenli ordular\u0131 kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. (Bu sayede k\u0131sa zamanda Mezopotamya’n\u0131n tamam\u0131na sahip olmu\u015flard\u0131r.)<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Tarihte bilinen ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck imparatorlu\u011fu kurdular.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Kurucular\u0131 SARGON, ba\u015fkentleri AGADE’dir. (Tap\u0131naklar\u0131na da AGADE denilirdi.)<\/span><\/li>\n
  • En \u00f6nemli mimari eserleri ZAFER ANITI’d\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BAB\u0130LL\u0130LER<\/span><\/i><\/center><\/p>\n
    \n
  • \u0130lk “Mutlak Krall\u0131k” anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 Babil’de ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • \u00dcnl\u00fc krallar\u0131 HAMMURAB\u0130, ilk ANAYASA olarak bilinen “Hammurabi Kanunlar\u0131n\u0131” olu\u015fturdu. (Bu kanunlar Sami geleneklerinden ve Urukagine kanunlar\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131larak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)<\/span><\/li>\n
  • “Babil Kulesi” ve “Babil’in Asma bah\u00e7eleri” en \u00f6nemli eserleridir.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ASURLULAR<\/span><\/i><\/center><\/p>\n