TOPLUM ve TOPLUMLARIN EVR\u0130M\u0130
\nBelli bir toprak par\u00e7as\u0131 \u00fczerinde, belli bir otoriteye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortak ve temel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in sosyal ili\u015fkilerde bulunan insanlar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc toplumu olu\u015fturur . Toplumlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131, toplumu olu\u015fturan insanlar\u0131n n\u00fcfusu, sahip olduklar\u0131 de\u011ferleri, normlar\u0131, ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7leri, vs. ayn\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, toplumlar\u0131n ya\u015fama tarzlar\u0131 da ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu farkl\u0131 ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini ortaya koyar. Sosyoloji de toplumlar aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda ortaya koyar.
\nT\u00f6nnies, toplumlar\u0131 sosyal ili\u015fkilerin niteli\u011fine g\u00f6re iki k\u0131s\u0131mda inceler: Cemaat ve cemiyet. Cemaatlerde benzer ili\u015fkilerin, cemiyetlerde de farkl\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin oldu\u011funu vurgular. Cemaat, ortak iradenin, ortak m\u00fclkiyetin, ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n, birlik \u015fuuru ve biz duygusunun hakim oldu\u011fu, d\u00fczenin yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmayan kurallarla sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 (adetler, t\u00f6reler gibi) k\u00f6y topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r. Cemiyet ise, \u00e7\u0131karlara dayal\u0131 olarak ben duygusunun hakim oldu\u011fu, bireysel irade ve bireysel m\u00fclkiyetin g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, d\u00fczenin resmi yollardan yaz\u0131l\u0131 kurallarla sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fehir topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r.
\nDurkheim de cemaat ve cemiyet ayr\u0131m\u0131na uygun olarak mekanik ve organik olmak \u00fczere iki dayan\u0131\u015fma tipinden s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftir.
\nCemaatte kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yard\u0131mla\u015fmaya dayal\u0131 bir i\u015fbirli\u011fi (mekanik) oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. K\u00f6ylerdeki imece usul\u00fc dayan\u0131\u015fma buna \u00f6rnektir. Cemiyette ise farkl\u0131 i\u015f kollar\u0131n\u0131n birbirini tamamlamas\u0131 \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli dayan\u0131\u015fman\u0131n (organik) oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. \u015eehirlerdeki i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn birbirini tamamlamas\u0131 buna \u00f6rnektir. Durkheim mekanik dayan\u0131\u015fma ile organik dayan\u0131\u015fma ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 n\u00fcfusun art\u0131\u015f\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131r.
\nToplumlar, evrimine g\u00f6re incelendi\u011finde \u015fu evrim basamaklar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir:<\/p>\n
A. TOPRA\u011eA YERLE\u015eMEM\u0130\u015e TOPLUMLAR
\nKl\u00e2nlar
\nAvc\u0131l\u0131k ve toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla ge\u00e7inirler, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe hayat\u0131 ya\u015farlar.<\/p>\n
B. TOPRA\u011eA YERLE\u015eM\u0130\u015e TOPLUMLAR
\n\u0130nsanlar\u0131n topra\u011fa yerle\u015fmesinde ba\u015fta ekonomik (tar\u0131m devrimi) nedenler olmak \u00fczere demografik (n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131) ve dini nedenler (kutsal yerlere ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k) etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
1. \u00d6zler (A\u015firetler)
\nYerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7i\u015fle ortak m\u00fclkiyetin bulundu\u011fu a\u015firet hayat\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve ekonomi tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.
\n2. Kentler (Siteler)
\n\u0130htiya\u00e7 fazlas\u0131 \u00fcretim (t\u00fcketim fazlas\u0131) yap\u0131lmas\u0131 kentlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur. Zenaat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve ticaret tar\u0131m\u0131n yan\u0131nda ekonomik hayat\u0131n i\u00e7inde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyetin ba\u015flamas\u0131, yaz\u0131l\u0131 kurallar\u0131n olmas\u0131, y\u00f6neten \u2013 y\u00f6netilen ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 kentlerin belirgin \u00f6zellikleridir.<\/p>\n
3. \u0130mparatorluklar
\nHomojen olmayan toplumlar merkezi bir otorite alt\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde lonca te\u015fkilatlar\u0131 gibi ticari bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
4. Feodalite
\nMerkezi otoritenin zay\u0131flamas\u0131yla feodal birlikler g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde belirgin olarak s\u0131n\u0131fla\u015fma g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler, din adamlar\u0131, k\u00f6leler gibi.<\/p>\n
5. \u0130lerlemi\u015f Toplumlar
\nBu safhaya ge\u00e7i\u015fte sanayi ink\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131 etkin olmu\u015ftur. Ekonomik hayat sanayiye dayal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, otomasyon artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sosyal devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Modern \u00e7ekirdek aile hakim olmu\u015f, kentle\u015fme bu d\u00f6nemde belirgin g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir hareketlilik olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. \u0130lerlemi\u015f toplumlarda millet (milli devlet) anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 hakimdir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
TOPLUM ve TOPLUMLARIN EVR\u0130M\u0130 Belli bir toprak par\u00e7as\u0131 \u00fczerinde, belli bir otoriteye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortak ve temel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in sosyal ili\u015fkilerde bulunan insanlar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc toplumu olu\u015fturur . Toplumlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131, toplumu olu\u015fturan insanlar\u0131n n\u00fcfusu, sahip olduklar\u0131 de\u011ferleri, normlar\u0131, ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7leri, vs. ayn\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, toplumlar\u0131n ya\u015fama tarzlar\u0131 da ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu farkl\u0131 ya\u015fam … Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1685,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13403],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50752","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sosyoloji"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50752","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1685"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=50752"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50752\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=50752"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=50752"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=50752"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}