Bir maddeyi di\u011ferlerinden ay\u0131rmam\u0131za ve ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z maddeyi tan\u0131mam\u0131za yarayan \u00f6zelliklere denir. Bu ay\u0131r edici \u00f6zellikler, fiziksel , kimyasal, biyolojik, n\u00fckleer\u2026\u015feklinde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir. Tabloda baz\u0131 ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelliklerin hangi fiziksel hallerde ay\u0131rt edici oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u015eimdi bu tablodaki \u00f6zellikleri tek tek inceleyelim.<\/p>\n
\u00d6Z K\u00dcTLE :<\/strong> Sabit s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7ta birim hacimdeki madde miktar\u0131d\u0131r. Kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131larda birim hacim genellikle Gram\/ cm3 al\u0131n\u0131r. Gazlarda ise hacim litre al\u0131n\u0131r. \u00d6z k\u00fctle \u201cd\u201d ile sembolize edilir.<\/p>\n \u00a0ER\u0130ME NOKTASI<\/strong> : Sabit s\u0131cakl\u0131kta ve bas\u0131n\u00e7ta kat\u0131 saf bir maddenin kat\u0131 halden s\u0131v\u0131 hale ge\u00e7ti\u011fi s\u0131cakl\u0131kt\u0131r. Genellikle birimi ( 0C ) olarak verilir.<\/p>\n DONMA NOKTASI<\/strong> : Sabit s\u0131cakl\u0131kta ve bas\u0131n\u00e7ta saf s\u0131v\u0131 bir maddenin, s\u0131v\u0131 halden kat\u0131 hale ge\u00e7ti\u011fi s\u0131cakl\u0131kt\u0131r. Genellikle birimi ( 0C ) olarak verilir.<\/p>\n ER\u0130ME \u2013 DONMA OLAYI<\/strong> : Kat\u0131 bir maddenin \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 hale ge\u00e7mesi olay\u0131na ER\u0130ME denir. Bu olay\u0131n tersine yani s\u0131v\u0131 bir maddenin \u0131s\u0131 kayb\u0131 sonucu kat\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 olay\u0131na DONMA denir. Bu hal de\u011fi\u015fim olaylar\u0131 saf maddelerde sabit (belirli) s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda olur.<\/p>\n KAYNAMA \u2013 YO\u011eUNLA\u015eMA OLAYI VE BUHARLA\u015eMA<\/strong><\/p>\n Bir miktar su a\u011fz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k kaba konuldu\u011funda zamanla suyun azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenir. Bu olayda s\u0131v\u0131 molek\u00fclleri bulundu\u011fu ortamdan \u0131s\u0131 alarak s\u0131v\u0131 halden buhar haline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bu olaya buharla\u015fma denir. S\u0131v\u0131lar bulundu\u011fu her s\u0131cakl\u0131kta buharla\u015fabilirler.S\u0131v\u0131 molek\u00fcller, buhar haline gelirken s\u0131v\u0131dan ayr\u0131lanlar d\u0131\u015f ortama bas\u0131n\u00e7 yaparlar. Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bu bas\u0131nca DENGE BUHAR BASINCI<\/strong> denir.<\/p>\n S\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131k\u00e7a buharla\u015fmas\u0131 h\u0131zlan\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile denge buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 da artar. Denge buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n bu art\u0131\u015f\u0131 en nihayetinde a\u00e7\u0131k hava bas\u0131nc\u0131na (Po) e\u015fik oluncaya kadar devam eder.<\/p>\n S\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n; a\u00e7\u0131k hava bas\u0131nc\u0131na e\u015fit oldu\u011fu anda KAYNAMA<\/strong> olay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Kaynama olay\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa da KAYNAMA NOKTASI (SICAKLI\u011e<\/strong>I) denir.<\/p>\n KAYNAMA NOKTASI<\/strong> : Sabit s\u0131cakl\u0131kta ve bas\u0131n\u00e7ta saf s\u0131v\u0131 bir maddenin, s\u0131v\u0131 halden gaz hale ge\u00e7ti\u011fi s\u0131cakl\u0131kt\u0131r. Genellikle birimi ( 0C ) olarak verilir.<\/p>\n * Saf suyun donma noktas\u0131 0 0C , kaynama noktas\u0131 ise 100 0C\u201ddir ( 1 atmosfer bas\u0131n\u00e7ta)<\/p>\n * Saf (ar\u0131) s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n kaynama s\u00fcresince hem s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hem de buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 sabittir.<\/p>\n * Saf olmayan s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n ise kaynama s\u00fcresince s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi halde buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez.<\/p>\n * S\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n 1 atm. bas\u0131n\u00e7ta elde edilen kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131na \u201cnormal kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d denir.<\/p>\n * Kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 saf s\u0131v\u0131lar i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelliktir.<\/p>\n YO\u011eUNLA\u015eMA NOKTASI<\/strong> : Sabit s\u0131cakl\u0131kta ve bas\u0131n\u00e7ta saf gaz bir maddenin, gaz halden s\u0131v\u0131 hale ge\u00e7ti\u011fi s\u0131cakl\u0131kt\u0131r. Genellikle birimi ( 0C ) olarak verilir.<\/p>\n *Saf bir kat\u0131 eridi\u011fi s\u0131cakl\u0131kta, s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 da donar; Yine ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde saf bir s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n buharla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta, buhar\u0131 da yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n KAYNAMA NOKTASINA ETK\u0130 EDEN FAKT\u00d6RLER:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n 1- S\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n cinsi: S\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftik\u00e7e kaynama noktas\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fir. K\u0131saca s\u0131v\u0131 molek\u00fclleri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7ekim kuvveti artt\u0131k\u00e7a s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n kaynama noktas\u0131 artar.<\/p>\n 2- A\u00e7\u0131k hava bas\u0131nc\u0131: S\u0131v\u0131 y\u00fczeyine etki eden a\u00e7\u0131k hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 (Po) artt\u0131k\u00e7a s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n kaynama noktas\u0131 y\u00fckselir.<\/p>\n 3- Y\u00fckselti (Rak\u0131m): Deniz seviyesinden y\u00fckseklere \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n kaynama noktas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer. Bu olay dolayl\u0131 yoldan a\u00e7\u0131k hava bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n 4- S\u0131v\u0131da yabanc\u0131 madde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmesi: \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcneni u\u00e7ucu olamayan \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerde (kat\u0131 \u2013 s\u0131v\u0131) \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen madde miktar\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin kaynama noktas\u0131 artar.<\/p>\n * Ayn\u0131 rotamda kaynayan b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n kaynama s\u00fcresince buhar bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131 birbirine e\u015fittir.<\/p>\n * B\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 artar. Ancak kaynama ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 sabit kal\u0131r<\/p>\n * B\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 artar demi\u015ftik. Ancak saf s\u0131v\u0131larda kaynama noktas\u0131ndan sonra hem s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hem de buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 sabitle\u015fir. Oysa tuzlu su gibi \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerde kaynamaya ba\u015flama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kadar hem s\u0131cakl\u0131k hem de buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 artar, kaynama ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 andan itibaren, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez.<\/p>\n *S\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n ayn\u0131 ortamda kaynama noktalar\u0131 ile buhar bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ters orant\u0131 ili\u015fkisi vard\u0131r. Yani kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksek olan s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n \u00d6RNEK: 1 atm bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda Suyun kaynama noktas\u0131 : 100 0C\u201ddir<\/strong><\/p>\n Saf alkol\u00fcn kaynama noktas\u0131 : 78 0C\u201ddir<\/p>\n Buhar bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ise : Palkol > Psu\u2019 dur<\/p>\n S\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n \u0131s\u0131 alarak gaz faz\u0131na ge\u00e7mesi olay\u0131na buharla\u015fma demi\u015ftik. \u015eimdi bu olay\u0131n tersini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Yani buhar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131 kaybederek s\u0131v\u0131 hale ge\u00e7mesi olay\u0131na yo\u011funla\u015fma denir. G\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta camlar\u0131n bu\u011fulanmas\u0131, buzdolab\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan kaplar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczeylerinde s\u0131v\u0131 taneciklerin olu\u015fmas\u0131 birer yo\u011funla\u015fma olay\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n ESNEKL\u0130K :<\/strong> Kat\u0131 bir maddeye d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan bir kuvvet uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda maddenin \u015fekli de\u011fi\u015fir. Kuvvet ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda madde tekrar eski hale geliyorsa bu olaya esneklik denir.Kat\u0131 maddenin bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015ftirmeksizin etkisinde kalaca\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir gerilme de\u011feri vard\u0131r. Bu de\u011fere esneklik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 denir. Esneklik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015f\u0131l\u0131nca maddenin \u015fekli de\u011fi\u015fir, e\u011filir k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n \u00a0GENLE\u015eME<\/strong> : Her hangi bir madde d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan \u0131s\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda eninde boyunda veya hacminde bir art\u0131\u015f oluyorsa bu olaya genle\u015fme denir. Genle\u015fme kat\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 ve gazlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ancak genle\u015fme kat say\u0131s\u0131 yaln\u0131zca kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131larda ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelliktir. Gazlarda ise ortak \u00f6zelliktir.<\/p>\n Genle\u015fme katsay\u0131s\u0131: 1 0C\u2019 s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131nda maddenin hacmindeki oransal art\u0131\u015fa denir.<\/p>\n Uzama katsay\u0131s\u0131 : 1 0C\u2019 s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131nda maddenin boyundaki uzama miktar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130LETKENL\u0130K<\/strong> : \u0130letkenlik bir maddenin \u0131s\u0131 ve elektri\u011fi iletip iletmemesi olay\u0131d\u0131r. Kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131larda ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelliktir. gazlarda ise de\u011fildir. Demir, bak\u0131r, grafit. lehim gibi maddeler elektri\u011fi iyi iletti\u011fi halde; Elmas, hava, saf su,plastik gibi maddeler iyi iletmezler. Onun i\u00e7in iletkenlik kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131larda ay\u0131rt edicidir.<\/p>\n Elektrik iletkenli\u011fi : Bir maddenin \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7en elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, o maddenin elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi kolayl\u0131kt\u0131r. Yani maddeden elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 ne kadar kolay ge\u00e7erse (direnci ne kadar az ise) o madde o kadar iyi iletkendir.<\/p>\n * Suda molek\u00fcller halinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen maddelerin sulu \u00e7\u00f6zeltileri iletken de\u011fildir. Ancak buda iyonla\u015fan bile\u015fiklerin sulu \u00e7\u00f6zeltileri iletkendir. \u015fekerli su iletken de\u011fildir ama tuzlu su iletkendir.<\/p>\n Maddelerde Elektrik \u0130letkenli\u011fi:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n 1- Elektron hareketi ile olur. Buna birinci s\u0131n\u0131f iletkenlik denir. Metallerde ve ala\u015f\u0131mlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu maddeler kat\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz hallerin hepsinde iletkendirler.<\/p>\n 2- \u0130yonlar\u0131n hareketi (g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc) ile olur. Buna ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f iletkenlik denir. Asit baz ve tuzlar\u0131n sulu \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n \u00c7\u00d6Z\u00dcN\u00dcRL\u00dcK : Sabit s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7ta birim hacim \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f madde miktar\u0131d\u0131r. Genellikle sulu \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerde birim hacim 100 cm3 al\u0131n\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck kavram\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zeltiler konusunda detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde i\u015flenecektir.<\/p>\n Tablodaki fiziksel ayr\u0131t edici \u00f6zelliklerin yan\u0131nda bir \u00e7ok kimyasal ve n\u00fckleer ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zellikte vard\u0131r bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz.<\/p>\n Yan\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, Tutu\u015fma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, asit ve bazlarla etkile\u015fme, atom numaras\u0131, yar\u0131lanma s\u00fcresi, aktiflik, indirgenme potansiyeli\u2026 gibi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Bir maddeyi di\u011ferlerinden ay\u0131rmam\u0131za ve ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z maddeyi tan\u0131mam\u0131za yarayan \u00f6zelliklere denir. Bu ay\u0131r edici \u00f6zellikler, fiziksel , kimyasal, biyolojik, n\u00fckleer\u2026\u015feklinde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir. Tabloda baz\u0131 ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelliklerin hangi fiziksel hallerde ay\u0131rt edici oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u015eimdi bu tablodaki \u00f6zellikleri tek tek inceleyelim. \u00d6Z K\u00dcTLE : Sabit s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7ta birim hacimdeki madde miktar\u0131d\u0131r. Kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131larda birim … Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[15],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49597"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=49597"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49597\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=49597"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=49597"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=49597"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}