{"id":48232,"date":"2013-12-10T19:49:17","date_gmt":"2013-12-10T17:49:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/?p=48232"},"modified":"2013-12-10T19:49:17","modified_gmt":"2013-12-10T17:49:17","slug":"toprak-kullanimi-ve-katmanlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/toprak-kullanimi-ve-katmanlari.html","title":{"rendered":"Toprak kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve katmanlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Toprak<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Toprak, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn beslendi\u011fi kaynaklar\u0131n ana deposudur.<\/p>\n<p>Topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst tabakas\u0131 insanlar\u0131n ve di\u011fer canl\u0131lar\u0131n beslenmesinde temel kaynak te\u015fkil etmektedir. Bir gram topra\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde milyonlarca canl\u0131 bulunmakta ve ekosistemin devam\u0131 i\u00e7in bunlar\u0131n hepsinin ayr\u0131 \u00f6nemi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Topra\u011f\u0131n verimlili\u011fini sa\u011flayan ve humus\u00e7azengin olan topra\u011f\u0131n 10 cm&#8217;lik \u00fcst tabakas\u0131d\u0131r. Bilimsel anlamda toprak bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Topra\u011f\u0131n Olu\u015fumu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Genel olarak kabul edilen bir teoriye g\u00f6re D\u00fcnya G\u00fcne\u015f&#8217; ten kopmu\u015f ate\u015ften bir k\u00fctle idi. Bo\u015flukta d\u00f6nerken zamanla so\u011fuyan bu k\u00fctlenin \u00fczeri sert bir kabuk halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sert kabu\u011fu te\u015fkil eden kayalar\u0131n milyonlarca y\u0131l boyunca \u00e7e\u015fitli etkilerle ufalan\u0131p ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve sonradan i\u00e7erisine organik maddelerin kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan topraklar has\u0131l olmu\u015ftur. Bu par\u00e7alanmada fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik faaliyetler m\u00fc\u015ftereken rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Halen de bu kuvvetler etkilerini g\u00f6stermekte ve topraklar\u0131n olu\u015fu devam etmektedir. Etraf\u0131m\u0131za bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir arazi par\u00e7as\u0131nda bile \u00e7e\u015fitli topraklar g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik sebepleri vard\u0131r. Toprakta bulunan maddelerin pek \u00e7o\u011fu yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc kaplayan kayalardan meydana geldi\u011fine g\u00f6re, topra\u011f\u0131n cinsi onu has\u0131l eden kayan\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 ile yak\u0131ndan ilgilidir. Fakat iklimin, canl\u0131lar\u0131n, arazinin d\u00fcz veya engebeli olu\u015funun yani topo\u011frafik durumunun ve zaman\u0131n etkilerinin de meydana gelen topra\u011f\u0131n cinsinde kaya kadar \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Topra\u011f\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>D\u00fcnyadaki topraklar\u0131n ancak 1\/10&#8217;inde \u00fcretim yap\u0131labilmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin arazi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ise yakla\u015f\u0131k %36&#8217;s\u0131 i\u015flenmekte, %28&#8217;i \u00e7ay\u0131rve mera, %30&#8217;u orman ve fundal\u0131k olup, geriye kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc di\u011fer araziler i\u00e7inde yer almaktad\u0131r. Ekilebilir arazinin ancak %11&#8217;i sulanabilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Toprak katmanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Verimli bir toprak, A, B, C, D profilleri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilecek, genel olarak d\u00f6rt profilden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n<p>Toprak, ana materyal,zaman,mikroorganizmalar,organik madde ve topo\u011frafyadan olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n<p>Bu profillerden A: Topra\u011f\u0131n i\u015flendi\u011fi k\u0131s\u0131m, yani tar\u0131m yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc karalar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6rten ince bir deri tabakas\u0131na benzetebiliriz. A katman\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda topra\u011f\u0131n en verimli k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar\u0131 ve de\u011fi\u015fimle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan maddeleri kapsar. A katman\u0131ndaki tuz, kire\u00e7, kil gibi sularda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen maddeler, ya\u011fmur sular\u0131yla topra\u011f\u0131n alt k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. Bu nedenle A katman\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki B katman\u0131, birikme b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, yani tar\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir.<\/p>\n<p>B katman\u0131nda humus, bitki k\u00f6k\u00fc ve canl\u0131 yoktur. A katman\u0131n\u0131n erozyonla yitirildi\u011fi yerlerde B katman\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. A ve B katman\u0131 binlerce y\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan esas topra\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n<p>C katman\u0131nda hen\u00fcz tam ayr\u0131\u015fmam\u0131\u015f ana malzeme bulunur. Bu katmanda kayaca ait iri par\u00e7alar bulunur. Ama canl\u0131 yoktur. Bu tabaka zamanla ayr\u0131\u015farak B katman\u0131na kar\u0131\u015f\u0131r.D katman\u0131da topra\u011f\u0131n en alt\u0131nda kayac\u0131 olu\u015fturur .<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Toprak Toprak, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn beslendi\u011fi kaynaklar\u0131n ana deposudur. Topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst tabakas\u0131 insanlar\u0131n ve di\u011fer canl\u0131lar\u0131n beslenmesinde temel kaynak te\u015fkil etmektedir. Bir gram topra\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde milyonlarca canl\u0131 bulunmakta ve ekosistemin devam\u0131 i\u00e7in bunlar\u0131n hepsinin ayr\u0131 \u00f6nemi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Topra\u011f\u0131n verimlili\u011fini sa\u011flayan ve humus\u00e7azengin olan topra\u011f\u0131n 10 cm&#8217;lik \u00fcst tabakas\u0131d\u0131r. Bilimsel anlamda toprak bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Topra\u011f\u0131n Olu\u015fumu Genel &#8230; <a title=\"Toprak kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve katmanlar\u0131\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/toprak-kullanimi-ve-katmanlari.html\" aria-label=\"More on Toprak kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve katmanlar\u0131\">Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-48232","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cografya"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48232","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=48232"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48232\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=48232"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=48232"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=48232"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}