{"id":47967,"date":"2013-12-02T21:06:11","date_gmt":"2013-12-02T19:06:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/?p=47967"},"modified":"2019-11-30T12:17:04","modified_gmt":"2019-11-30T09:17:04","slug":"kisaca-dort-halife-donemi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/kisaca-dort-halife-donemi.html","title":{"rendered":"K\u0131saca d\u00f6rt halife d\u00f6nemi"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><strong>D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Bu d\u00f6nem \u0130sl\u00e2m tarihinde Cumhuriyet devri olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bunun nedeni halifelerin \u00f6nde gelen M\u00fcsl\u00fc\u00admanlar aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler sonunda se\u00ad\u00e7ilme\u00adsidir.<\/li>\n<li>Halifelik, \u0130slam Devleti\u2019nin ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu makam Hz. Mu\u00adhammed\u2019in Araplar aras\u0131nda siyasi birli\u011fi sa\u011flama\u00ads\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle bu makam bo\u00ad\u015falm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Hz. Ebubekir D\u00f6nemi (632\u2013634):\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Yalanc\u0131 peygamberler ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Dinden d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fler engellendi.<\/li>\n<li>Kur&#8217;an-\u0131 Kerim kez kitap haline getirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Yoksullara yard\u0131m etmek amac\u0131yla zek\u00e2t vergisi toplanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. Muhammed\u2019in kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, Bizans\u2019a y\u00f6nelik olan Suriye seferine ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu seferde Ecnadeyn Sa\u00adva\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sava\u015f s\u00fcrerken Hz. Ebubekir vefat etti. Hz. Ebu\u00adbekir \u00f6lmeden \u00f6nce \u00d6mer&#8217;in halife olmas\u0131n\u0131 vasiyet et\u00admi\u015fti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Hz. \u00d6mer D\u00f6nemi (634\u2013644)\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Suriye&#8217;de Bizans\u2019la yap\u0131lan Ecnadeyn Sava\u015f\u0131 kazan\u0131ld\u0131. (634)<\/li>\n<li>Bizans\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen Yerm\u00fck Sava\u015f\u0131 kaza\u00adn\u0131ld\u0131 (636). Bunun sonunda Suriye M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti.<\/li>\n<li>Kud\u00fcs fethedildi. Daha sonra Filistin ve M\u0131s\u0131r al\u0131nd\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Kuzey Afrika&#8217;n\u0131n fethine ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130ran&#8217;daki Sasani Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen K\u00f6pr\u00fc Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kaybedilmesinden sonra (634), M\u00fcsl\u00fc-manlar Sasanilere kar\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131 Kadisiye (635), Celula (637) ve Nihavend sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131 (642). Sasani Devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u0130ran fet\u00adhedildi.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. Muhammed\u2019in kurdu\u011fu devlet imparatorlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu imparatorlu\u011fu kolay y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in &#8220;Amillik&#8221; denilen vilayetler olu\u015fturuldu. \u0130lk kez kad\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkilatlar\u0131 kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Maliye ve askerlik konular\u0131yla ilgili ilk di\u00advan\u00adlar ku\u00adruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Askerlerin ve di\u011fer g\u00f6revlilerin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131\u00adlamak i\u00e7in &#8220;ikta&#8221; denilen t\u0131mar sistemi kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Sasani ve Bizans paralar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 &#8220;dirhem&#8221; ad\u0131 verilen ilk g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f para bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 (640).<\/li>\n<li>Hicri takvim olu\u015fturuldu.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0131n\u0131rlarda ordug\u00e2hlar kuruldu. Buralara sonradan askerlerin aileleri de yerle\u015ftirildi. Ama\u00e7 \u0130sl\u00e2miyet\u2019in kal\u0131c\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131. B\u00f6ylece ordular ilk defa d\u00fczenli hale getirildi.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. \u00d6mer, vergi konusunda anla\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u0130ranl\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 suikastla \u00f6ld\u00fc. \u00d6lmeden \u00f6nce halifeyi se\u00e7ecek kurulu olu\u015fturdu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Hz. Osman D\u00f6nemi (644\u2013656)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0130lk \u0130sl\u00e2m donanmas\u0131 kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>Bizans\u2019la yap\u0131lan ilk deniz sava\u015f\u0131 kazan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0131br\u0131s vergiye ba\u011fland\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Bizans&#8217;a ait Tunus fethedildi.<\/li>\n<li>Kuran \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131larak \u00f6nemli \u0130sl\u00e2m kentlerine g\u00f6n\u00adderildi.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. Osman kendi yak\u0131nlar\u0131 olan Emevileri devletin \u00f6nemli makamlar\u0131na atad\u0131. Bu durum M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;da ve Irak&#8217;ta isyanlara neden oldu. Bu durum, Hz. Muhammed\u2019in ailesi taraf\u0131ndan da tepkiyle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. Osman, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 suikast\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Hz. Ali D\u00f6nemi (656\u2013661)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Hz. Ali, halife se\u00e7ilince Emevi ailesi ile Hz. Mu\u00adhammed&#8217;in son e\u015fi Ay\u015fe, muhalefet ba\u015flatt\u0131lar. Emevilerin amac\u0131, elinde bulundurduklar\u0131 \u00f6nemli ma\u00adkam\u00adlar\u0131 kay\u00adbetmemekti. Ay\u015fe\u2019nin muhalefeti ise ki\u015fisel neden\u00adlere da\u00adyan\u0131yordu.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. Ali, Hz. Ay\u015fe\u2019nin muhalefetini Cemel Va\u00adk\u2019as\u0131\u00a0(Deve Olay\u0131) denilen sava\u015fla bast\u0131rd\u0131 (656).<\/li>\n<li>Hz. Ali, Emevilerin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 muhalefetin lideri olan \u015eam Valisi Muaviye \u00fczerine sefer d\u00fczenledi. S\u0131ffin Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 (657). Muaviye ordular\u0131 zor duruma d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sava\u015f bitirilmeden Hakemler Olay\u0131na gidildi. Bu olayda hile ya\u00adp\u0131larak Hz. Ali&#8217;nin halifeli\u011fi Muaviye&#8217;ye verilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Bunun sonras\u0131nda \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019da ilk resmi ayr\u0131l\u0131klar ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan siyasi gruplar \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>a)<\/b> <b>\u015eiiler:<\/b> Hz. Ali taraftar\u0131 olanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><b>b)<\/b> <b>Emeviler:<\/b> Muaviye taraftar\u0131 olanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><b>c) Hariciler:<\/b> Her ikisini de istemeyenler.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hz. Ali, halifeli\u011fi almak isteyen Haricilere kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adledi\u011fi sefer sonunda Nehrevan Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Hariciler bu sava\u015fta yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131 (659).<\/li>\n<li>Hariciler, Hz. Ali\u2019yi ve Muaviye\u2019yi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in suikast\u00e7\u0131lar g\u00f6revlendirdiler. Hz. Ali, suikast sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/li>\n<li>Muaviye suikasttan kurtuldu. K\u00fcfe&#8217;deki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar Hz. Ali\u2019nin o\u011flu Hasan\u0131 halife se\u00e7tiler. Hz. Hasan\u0131n halifeli\u011fini Muaviye tan\u0131mad\u0131. Sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na giri\u015fti. Hz. Hasan, \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019da birli\u011fin bozulmamas\u0131 ve siyasal ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n sona ermesine \u00f6nem verdi. Bu nedenle sa\u00adva\u015f\u00e7\u0131 politika izle\u00admedi.<\/li>\n<li>Hz. Hasan, halifeli\u011fi, daha sonra Hz. H\u00fcseyin\u2019e devretmesi \u015fart\u0131yla Muaviye&#8217;ye verdi.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00f6ylece D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi bitti, Emeviler devri ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00f6rt Halife D\u00f6nemi Bu d\u00f6nem \u0130sl\u00e2m tarihinde Cumhuriyet devri olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bunun nedeni halifelerin \u00f6nde gelen M\u00fcsl\u00fc\u00admanlar aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler sonunda se\u00ad\u00e7ilme\u00adsidir. Halifelik, \u0130slam Devleti\u2019nin ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu makam Hz. Mu\u00adhammed\u2019in Araplar aras\u0131nda siyasi birli\u011fi sa\u011flama\u00ads\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle bu makam bo\u00ad\u015falm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hz. Ebubekir D\u00f6nemi (632\u2013634):\u00a0 Yalanc\u0131 peygamberler ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Dinden d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fler engellendi. Kur&#8217;an-\u0131 Kerim &#8230; <a title=\"K\u0131saca d\u00f6rt halife d\u00f6nemi\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/kisaca-dort-halife-donemi.html\" aria-label=\"More on K\u0131saca d\u00f6rt halife d\u00f6nemi\">Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-47967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47967","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47967"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47967\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47967"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=47967"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=47967"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}