19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Sonras\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Ekonomisi<\/b><\/p>\n
Mali durumun \u0131slah edilmesi i\u00e7in Maliye Naz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuruldu. Herkesin gelirine g\u00f6re vergi \u00f6demesi kabul edildi, iltizam yoluyla a\u015far toplanmas\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131larak maliye memurlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan toplanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Gayrim\u00fcslim halktan al\u0131nan cizye vergisinin ayar\u00adlanmas\u0131 ve toplanmas\u0131 patrikhanelere b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak iyi bir sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in eski usule d\u00f6\u00adn\u00fcld\u00fc. 1858 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Arazi Kanunnamesi ile \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet peki\u015ftirildi ve ki\u015filerin \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiye\u00adtindeki topraklar g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131. Bu nedenle Tapu Nizamnamesi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Toprak \u00fczerinden al\u0131\u00adnan vergiler kald\u0131r\u0131larak yerine \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn % 10’u ora\u00adn\u0131nda a\u015far vergisi al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli olan Balkanlar, Avrupa’n\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa’da meydana gelen Sanayi ink\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ni \u00e7ok etkiledi. Osmanl\u0131 lonca d\u00fczeni \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcye u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1820’lerden sonra Avrupa mallar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 pa\u00adzarlar\u0131n\u0131 istila etmesi \u00fczerine ilk tedbirler devlet ta\u00adraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tedbirler \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
Yeni teknolojiden faydalanarak fabrika diye isim\u00adlendirilen b\u00fcy\u00fck imalathaneler a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (1840’ta a\u00e7\u0131lan Hereke Dokuma Fabrikas\u0131, Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y bez Fabrikas\u0131 gibi).<\/p>\n
1860 -1873 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren Isl\u00e2h-\u0131 Sanayi Komisyonu sanayi alan\u0131nda faa\u00adliyet g\u00f6steren esnaf\u0131n canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun sonucunda bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin serma\u00adyesiyle sanayi \u015firketleri kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Avrupa mallar\u0131n\u0131n pazarlanmas\u0131 ve hammadde ticaretinin yo\u011funluk kazanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Avrupa ekonomisinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelebilmek i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ula\u015f\u0131ma \u00f6nem vermi\u015ftir. Avru\u00adpa’da kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra demir\u00adyolu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine girmi\u015ftir, ilk olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar Ayd\u0131n – Turgutlu hatt\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi’nde ticaret ili\u015fkilerinin de\u011fi\u015f\u00admesi \u00fczerine kademeli olarak i\u00e7 g\u00fcmr\u00fckler 1874 y\u0131lma kadar kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Balta Liman\u0131 Antla\u015fmas\u0131’ndan sonra ticaret s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n\u0131n aleyhine d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f\u00adt\u00fcr. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130zmir Liman\u0131 Anadolu’nun ih\u00adracat\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oyna\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
i\u00e7 piyasada Avrupa mallar\u0131yla rekabet edemeyen Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ihra\u00e7 mallar\u0131 haline geldi. Balta Liman\u0131 Antla\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonra ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z d\u0131\u015f ticaret politikas\u0131 izleyemeyen Os\u00admanl\u0131 Devleti’ne Avrupal\u0131 devletler her krizde ver\u00adgileri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrtm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi’nde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, 1847’de Bank-\u0131 Der sa\u00e2det ad\u0131yla ilk bankay\u0131 kurdu. Ancak bu banka K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan \u00f6nce iflas etti. Bu ge\u00adli\u015fme \u00fczerine \u0130ngiliz te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc olan Bank-\u0131 Osman\u00ee faaliyete ge\u00e7ti (1856). Bu bankaya para basma yet\u00adkisi verildi. B\u00f6ylece banka hem devlet bankas\u0131, hem de ticaret bankas\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Mithat Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n giri\u015fimleriyle \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere kredi vermek i\u00e7in Mem\u00adleket Sand\u0131klar\u0131 kuruldu. 1872’den sonra bankac\u0131l\u0131k yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. Tar\u0131m\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in 1863’te Ziraat Bankas\u0131 kurularak \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere kredi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisi iyice bozuldu. Bu nedenle devlet para ayarlamas\u0131 yapt\u0131 ve ka\u011f\u0131t para \u00e7\u0131kararak i\u00e7 bor\u00e7lanma yoluna gitti. Galata bankerlerinden k\u0131sa vadeli bor\u00e7lar al\u0131nd\u0131. 1854 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019den ilk defa bor\u00e7 para al\u0131narak d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanma s\u00fcreci ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kapit\u00fclasyonlara dayanarak Av\u00adrupal\u0131 devletler Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinde \u015firketler ve bankalar kurdular. Yol, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, liman, de\u00admiryolu, t\u00fcnel, tramvay, elektrik, havagaz\u0131 gi\u00adbi i\u015fletmelerin yap\u0131m\u0131 yabanc\u0131 \u015firketler ara\u00ads\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yerli mallar a\u011f\u0131r bir darbe yedi. Yerli sanayi zay\u0131flad\u0131. Bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015fl\u0131ca sanayi kurulu\u015f\u00adlar\u0131 cam, tu\u011fla, \u00e7ini, deri, hal\u0131, kiremit, pamuk\u00adlu kuma\u015f ve ka\u011f\u0131t fabrikalar\u0131ndan ibaretti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Sonras\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Ekonomisi Mali durumun \u0131slah edilmesi i\u00e7in Maliye Naz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuruldu. Herkesin gelirine g\u00f6re vergi \u00f6demesi kabul edildi, iltizam yoluyla a\u015far toplanmas\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131larak maliye memurlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan toplanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Gayrim\u00fcslim halktan al\u0131nan cizye vergisinin ayar\u00adlanmas\u0131 ve toplanmas\u0131 patrikhanelere b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak iyi bir sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in eski usule d\u00f6\u00adn\u00fcld\u00fc. 1858 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Arazi Kanunnamesi ile … Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-47731","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sosyal-bilgiler","category-tc-ink-tarihi-ve-ataturkculuk"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47731","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47731"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47731\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47731"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=47731"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=47731"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}