{"id":47147,"date":"2013-11-06T18:53:32","date_gmt":"2013-11-06T16:53:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/?p=47147"},"modified":"2013-11-06T18:53:32","modified_gmt":"2013-11-06T16:53:32","slug":"akarsu-asindirmasi-ve-sekilleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/akarsu-asindirmasi-ve-sekilleri.html","title":{"rendered":"Akarsu A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131 ve \u015eekilleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

AKARSU A\u015eINDIRMASI:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki karalar\u0131n %71 inde etkili olan akarsular akt\u0131klar\u0131 yata\u011f\u0131 kimyasal yada fiziksel yolla a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rarak ta\u015f\u0131ma ve biriktirme yoluyla \u015fekillendirme yaparlar. Akarsu A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131nda etkili olan fakt\u00f6rler \u015funlard\u0131r; 1. Ak\u0131\u015f H\u0131z\u0131 2. E\u011fim 3. Su Miktar\u0131 (Debi) 4. Y\u00fck Miktar\u0131 5. Yata\u011f\u0131n Geni\u015fli\u011fi 6. Jeolojik Yap\u0131 7. Bitki \u00d6rt\u00fcs\u00fc etkili olur.<\/p>\n

Akarsu a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131 3 \u015fekilde olur. 1. Derine A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma: Akarsuyun yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fey do\u011frultuda a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rarak deniz seviyesine indirme faaliyetidir. 2. Yana A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma: \u00d6zellikle e\u011fimin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde sal\u0131n\u0131mlar yapan akarsuyun yanlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r. 3. Geriye A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma: Akarsuyun a\u011f\u0131z k\u0131sm\u0131ndan itibaren zamanla yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 feriye do\u011fru kazarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmad\u0131r. Bu a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rman\u0131n son \u015fekli Denge Profilidir.<\/p>\n

AKARSU A\u015eINDIRMA \u015eEK\u0130LLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye akarsular\u0131n\u0131n boylan k\u0131sa, ak\u0131tt\u0131klar\u0131 su miktar\u0131 \u00e7ok fazla olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma g\u00fc\u00e7leri fazlad\u0131r. Bu durum; y\u00fcksek da\u011flardan (Toroslar ve Kuzey Anadolu da\u011flar\u0131) do\u011fmalar\u0131 ve denize do\u011fru, e\u011fimli yataklar\u0131nda \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 akmalar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Akarsu a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131 sonucunda \u015fu yer\u015fekilleri olu\u015fur:<\/p>\n

1- VAD\u0130LER: Akarsu a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131yla olu\u015fan en yayg\u0131n yer \u015feklidir. Devaml\u0131 ini\u015f g\u00f6steren dar uzun oluklard\u0131r. Vadiler, akarsu a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131 sonucu derinlemesine ve yanlamas\u0131na geli\u015firler. Yataklar\u0131n\u0131 geriye do\u011fru a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rarak boylar\u0131n\u0131 uzat\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

\u00c7entik (Kertik veya Tabans\u0131z) vadi: Dik yama\u00e7lardan inen akarsular taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulur. Zemin sert kayalardan olu\u015ftu\u011fundan akarsu derinlemesine ve yanlamas\u0131na fazla a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rma yapamaz. Dik yama\u00e7l\u0131 vadidir. Profili “V” \u015feklindedir. Do\u011fu Karadeniz da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n, kuzey yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yat\u0131k Yama\u00e7l\u0131 Vadi: Akarsular\u0131n yataklar\u0131nda, bir yamac\u0131 daha \u00e7ok a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131yla olu\u015fmu\u015f asimetrik vadilerdir.<\/p>\n

Bo\u011faz (Yarma) Vadi: G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc akarsular\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k arazide sert k\u00fctleleri a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rarak a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 dik yama\u00e7l\u0131, derin vadilerdir. K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak, Ye\u015fil\u0131rmak vadileri ile Do\u011fu Anadolu’daki akarsu vadileri bu t\u00fcrdendir.<\/p>\n

Kanyon Vadi: Yatay tabakalardan olu\u015fmu\u015f kalkerli arazide, akarsular\u0131n derine ve yanlara.do\u011fru yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmalar ile olu\u015fan basamak \u015feklindeki vadilerdir. G\u00f6ksu vadisi bu t\u00fcr bir vadidir. \u00a0 Tabanl\u0131 Vadi: Akarsular\u0131n geni\u015f d\u00fczl\u00fcklere ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde, ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 al\u00fcvyonlar\u0131 tabanlar\u0131nda ve yatak \u00e7evrelerinde biriktirmesi ile olu\u015fmu\u015f, geni\u015f bir yatak i\u00e7erisinde akt\u0131klar\u0131 vadilerdir. Bu vadilerin yama\u00e7lar\u0131 yat\u0131kt\u0131r. K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak, Sakarya ve Ege b\u00f6lgesindeki akarsular\u0131n vadileri geni\u015f tabanl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1. Irmak Adas\u0131 \u00a0 E\u011fimin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde akarsuyun ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 materyalleri \u00fczerinde biriktirmesiyle olu\u015fan adac\u0131klard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2. DEV KAZANI: Akarsu yataklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde, akarsuyun \u00e7a\u011flayan ve cavlan yapt\u0131klar\u0131 yerde, suyun d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerde olu\u015fan \u00e7ukurlard\u0131r. Akdeniz’de D\u00fcden ve Manavgat \u00e7a\u011flayanlar\u0131nda tipik \u00f6rnekleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

3. MENDERES (B\u00dcKL\u00dcM): Akarsular\u0131n, yatak e\u011fiminin \u00e7ok azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f vadi tabanlar\u0131nda, yana do\u011fru yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmalarla olu\u015fturdu\u011fu b\u00fckl\u00fcmlerdir. E\u011fer menderesler, vadi taban\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ise, g\u00f6m\u00fck menderes olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r<\/p>\n

Delta: Akarsular\u0131n denize ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 yerlerde ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 maddeleri biriktirmesiyle olu\u015fan \u00fc\u00e7gen bi\u00e7imli al\u00fcvyal ovalard\u0131r. Deltalar, taban seviyesi ovalar\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00e7e\u015fididir. Onlardan ayr\u0131lan y\u00f6n\u00fc biriktirmenin deniz i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle deltan\u0131n olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in; gel-git olay\u0131n\u0131n belirgin olmamas\u0131, k\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131\u011f olmas\u0131, k\u0131y\u0131da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ak\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131 ve akarsu a\u011fz\u0131nda e\u011fimin azalmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Akarsu havzalar\u0131 iki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde incelenir:<\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131k Havza: Sular\u0131n\u0131 denize ula\u015ft\u0131rabilen havzalara a\u00e7\u0131k havza denir. (Ye\u015fil\u0131rmak, K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak, Yenice, Sakarya, Susurluk, Gediz, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes, B\u00fcy\u00fck Menderes, Aksu, G\u00f6ksu, Seyhan, Ceyhan, F\u0131rat, Dicle \u00c7oruh gibi.)<\/p>\n

Kapal\u0131 Havza: Sular\u0131n\u0131 denize ula\u015ft\u0131ramayan havzalara kapal\u0131 havza denir. Kapal\u0131 havzalar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131nda yer \u015fekilleri, s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve nem etkilidir. (Van G\u00f6l\u00fc Kapal\u0131 Havzas\u0131, Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc Kapal\u0131 Havzas\u0131, Konya Kapal\u0131 Havzas\u0131, G\u00f6ller Y\u00f6resi Kapal\u0131 Havzas\u0131 gibi.)<\/p>\n

Akarsu Ak\u0131\u015f H\u0131z\u0131<\/p>\n

Akarsuyun ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 yata\u011f\u0131n her iki kesitinde farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Suyun h\u0131z\u0131 yanlarda, dipte ve su y\u00fczeyinde s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme nedeniyle azd\u0131r. Suyun en h\u0131zl\u0131 akt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer akarsuyun en derin yerinin \u00fczerinde ve y\u00fczeyin biraz alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Akarsu yata\u011f\u0131nda suyun en h\u0131zl\u0131 akt\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktalar\u0131 birle\u015ftiren \u00e7izgiye h\u0131z \u00e7izgisi(talveg) denir. Ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131, yata\u011f\u0131n e\u011fimi ve geni\u015fli\u011fi ile ta\u015f\u0131nan su miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Akarsu Rejimi<\/p>\n

Akarsu debisinin y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fmelere rejim ya da ak\u0131m d\u00fczeni denir. Akarsu rejimini belirleyen temel etken havzan\u0131n ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131d\u0131r. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n az, s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve buharla\u015fman\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde akarsu ak\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu ve kar erimelerinin g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerde ak\u0131m y\u00fckselir.<\/p>\n

Akarsu rejimleri d\u00f6rt tiptir:<\/p>\n

D\u00fczenli Rejim: Ak\u0131m\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde fazla de\u011fi\u015fmeyen akarsular\u0131n rejim tipidir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fczensiz Rejim: Ak\u0131m\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fmeler g\u00f6steren akarsular\u0131n rejim tipidir.<\/p>\n

Karma Rejim: Farkl\u0131 iklim b\u00f6lgelerinden ge\u00e7en akarsular\u0131n rejim tipidir. \u00d6rnek: Nil Nehri<\/p>\n

Sel Tipi Rejim: \u0130lkbahar ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve kar erimeleri ile bol su ta\u015f\u0131yan, yaz aylar\u0131nda ise sular\u0131 yok denecek kadar azlan akarsular\u0131n rejim tipidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00fclkemizdeki \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi akarsular\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130klim B\u00f6lgelerine G\u00f6re Akarsu Rejimleri<\/p>\n

S\u0131cakl\u0131k-ya\u011f\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 ile akarsular\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 su miktar\u0131 ve ak\u0131m d\u00fczeni aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131 bir ili\u015fki vard\u0131r. Farkl\u0131 iklim b\u00f6lgelerindeki akarsular\u0131n rejimleri birbirinden farkl\u0131 olabilir. Ancak iklim b\u00f6lgelerinin y\u00fcksek ve karl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerindeki akarsular\u0131n rejimleri benzerdir. Kar erimelerinin oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerden ak\u0131m y\u00fckselir. K\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda kar ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131 ak\u0131m\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131na neden olur.<\/p>\n

Ya\u011fmurlu Ekvatoral \u0130klimde Akarsu Rejimi: Bu iklim tipinde ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar bol ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015f rejimi d\u00fczenli oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Ekvatoral b\u00f6lge akarsular\u0131 y\u0131l boyunca bol su ta\u015f\u0131r. \u00d6rnek: Amazon ve Kongo nehirleri.<\/p>\n

Ya\u011fmurlu Okyanusal \u0130klimde Akarsu Rejimi: Bu iklim tipinde ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n bol ve d\u00fczenli olmas\u0131 nedeniyle akarsular y\u0131l boyunca bol su ta\u015f\u0131r. \u00d6rnek: \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki Thames Nehri<\/p>\n

Muson \u0130kliminde Akarsu Rejimi: Bu iklim tipinde yaz ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 nedeniyle ak\u0131m y\u00fckselir. K\u0131\u015f kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ak\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fer. \u00d6rne\u011fin Ganj ve \u0130ndus nehirleri.<\/p>\n

Akdeniz \u0130kliminde Akarsu Rejimi: Yaz kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve buharla\u015fman\u0131n fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yaz aylar\u0131nda ak\u0131m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Karstik \u015eekiller<\/p>\n

Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar ve yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131, kalker, jips, kayatuzu, dolomit gibi eriyebilen, k\u0131r\u0131k ve \u00e7atlaklar\u0131n \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu ta\u015flar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerlerde, kimyasal a\u015f\u0131n\u0131ma neden olurlar. Kimyasal a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m sonunda olu\u015fan \u015fekillere karstik \u015fekiller denir. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n ve yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu karstik a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m \u015fekillerinin a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m \u015fekillerinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri de\u011fi\u015fkendir.<\/p>\n

Sirk g\u00f6l\u00fc<\/p>\n

Da\u011f doruklar\u0131ndaki buzullar\u0131n hareketleriyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7ukurlarda olu\u015fan g\u00f6llere, sirk g\u00f6l\u00fc denir. Yurdumuzun 2200 m’den y\u00fcksek da\u011flar\u0131 son buzul d\u00f6neminde buzulla\u015fmaya u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de, Sat, A\u011fr\u0131, Erciyes, Ka\u00e7kar, Bolkar ve Alada\u011flar \u00fczerinde yer yer buzullar bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Takke buzulu<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek da\u011flar\u0131n zirvesini kaplayan buzullara takke buzulu denir.Neozoik\u2019te G\u00fcnz,W\u00fcrm,Ris ve Mindel adlar\u0131yla bilinen d\u00f6rt buzul d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki buzul \u015fekillerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemden kalmad\u0131r.Bu d\u00f6nemlerde buzullar \u00e7ok geni\u015f alanlara yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f,buzul aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde ise eriyerek \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

As\u0131l\u0131 vadi<\/p>\n

Buzul a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131na u\u011frayan sahalarda, ana vadinin buzulla fazla a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 sonucu, ana vadiye a\u00e7\u0131lan tali vadilerin y\u00fcksekte kalmas\u0131 veya dikey faylanma’n\u0131n oldu\u011fu sahalarda y\u00fckselen blok \u00fczerinde kalan vadilere denir.<\/p>\n

Buzul Vadisi<\/p>\n

Buzulun i\u00e7inde hareket etti\u011fi, enine kesiti U \u015feklinde olan akarsu vadisinden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u015f\u0131n\u0131m \u015feklidir. Da\u011f yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda olu\u015fur. S\u00fcrekli ini\u015f g\u00f6stermeyen buzul vadilerinin boyu akarsu vadilerine g\u00f6re daha k\u0131sad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

H\u00f6rg\u00fc\u00e7 kaya<\/p>\n

Buzul vadilerin taban\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen y\u00fczeyi cilalanm\u0131\u015f kayalard\u0131r.Buzul,e\u011fim do\u011frultusunda hareket ederken ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 erime b\u00f6lgesine kadar s\u00fcr\u00fckleyerek burada biriktirir.Bu t\u00fcr y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlara moren(buzul ta\u015f) denir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

AKARSU A\u015eINDIRMASI: Yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki karalar\u0131n %71 inde etkili olan akarsular akt\u0131klar\u0131 yata\u011f\u0131 kimyasal yada fiziksel yolla a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rarak ta\u015f\u0131ma ve biriktirme yoluyla \u015fekillendirme yaparlar. Akarsu A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131nda etkili olan fakt\u00f6rler \u015funlard\u0131r; 1. Ak\u0131\u015f H\u0131z\u0131 2. E\u011fim 3. Su Miktar\u0131 (Debi) 4. Y\u00fck Miktar\u0131 5. Yata\u011f\u0131n Geni\u015fli\u011fi 6. Jeolojik Yap\u0131 7. Bitki \u00d6rt\u00fcs\u00fc etkili olur. Akarsu a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131 3 \u015fekilde … Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[23],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47147"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47147"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47147\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47147"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=47147"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=47147"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}