{"id":46,"date":"2008-12-16T15:38:53","date_gmt":"2008-12-16T13:38:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/?p=46"},"modified":"2008-12-16T15:38:53","modified_gmt":"2008-12-16T13:38:53","slug":"baltalimani-antlasmasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/baltalimani-antlasmasi.html","title":{"rendered":"Baltaliman\u0131 Antla\u015fmas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Baltaliman\u0131 Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/span>
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin, 1838\u2019de, \u0130ngiltere ile Baltaliman\u0131\u2019nda imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ticaret antla\u015fmas\u0131.
\nAvrupa\u2019da sanayi ink\u0131lab\u0131n\u0131n neticesi olarak daha fazla ham maddeye ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti de 1826\u2019dan itibaren, ham maddesini d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kararak, esnaf\u0131n i\u015fsiz kalmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek maksad\u0131yla bir nevi himaye sistemi olan yed-i vahid (tekel) usul\u00fcn\u00fc uygulamaya koymu\u015ftu. Sistemin, ayr\u0131ca, yeni kurulmu\u015f olan Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediyye ordusuna kaynak bulmak ve \u00fcreticinin mahsul\u00fcn\u00fc ucuza satarak aldanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek gibi gayeleri de bulunuyordu. Yed-i vahid uygulamas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n\u0131 son derece rahats\u0131z ediyordu. Nitekim, \u0130ngiliz sefiri Ponsenby, yed-i vahid usul\u00fc ile ticaret serbestisine konmu\u015f engellere \u015fiddetle \u00e7atmakta; T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de mahsul yeti\u015ftirenler, bunlar\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmekte yeg\u00e2ne hakim olan imtiyazl\u0131 kimselere satmak mecburiyetinde kald\u0131k\u00e7a, T\u00fcrk sanayiinin gerili\u011fe mahk\u00fbm kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmekteydi. K\u0131saca yed-i vahid usul\u00fc, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 Devletini g\u00f6nl\u00fcnce s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesini engellemekteydi.<\/p>\n

Bu sebeple \u0130ngilizler, Osmanl\u0131 ticaretinde kendilerine ters d\u00fc\u015fen h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in 1833\u2019ten itibaren \u00fcnl\u00fc hariciye naz\u0131rlar\u0131 Palmerston arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 1836\u2019daki m\u00fczakerelerde Osmanl\u0131 heyetine ba\u015fkanl\u0131k eden g\u00fcmr\u00fck emini Tahir Efendi, eski d\u00fczenden m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca az taviz vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130ngiliz isteklerine boyun e\u011fmemi\u015fti. Bu durumda \u0130ngiliz diplomasisi, Osmanl\u0131 b\u00fcrokrasisinin zay\u0131f ve bunal\u0131ml\u0131 bir devresini kollamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Nitekim bu f\u0131rsat, iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir \u015fekilde, \u0130ngilizlerin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1837\u2019de Londra b\u00fcy\u00fck el\u00e7ili\u011finden hariciye naz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirilen Mustafa Re\u015fid Pa\u015fa, \u0130ngilizlere yak\u0131n bir m\u00fczakereciydi. Londra b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011findeyken mason locas\u0131na kay\u0131tl\u0131 olan Re\u015fid Pa\u015fa, Osmanl\u0131 Devletini, iktisadi bak\u0131mdan \u00e7\u00f6kertecek bir antla\u015fmaya yana\u015fmakta hi\u00e7 teredd\u00fct g\u00f6stermedi. Bu s\u0131rada Mehmed Ali Pa\u015fa, M\u0131s\u0131r’da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehlike arz ediyordu. Re\u015fid Pa\u015fa, M\u0131s\u0131r meselesinde \u0130ngilizlerin yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 temin bahanesiyle, Baltaliman\u0131\u2019ndaki yal\u0131s\u0131nda d\u00f6rt g\u00fcn s\u00fcren ve \u00e7ok gizli tutulan pazarl\u0131klar sonucunda, 16 A\u011fustos 1838\u2019de Osmanl\u0131-\u0130ngiliz ticaret antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 imzalad\u0131. Antla\u015fma, 8 Ekim 1838\u2019de Krali\u00e7e Victoria, bir ay sonra da Sultan Mahmud taraf\u0131ndan tasdik olundu. Esas ve zeyl olmak \u00fczere iki k\u0131s\u0131m halinde tanzim edilen antla\u015fman\u0131n birinci k\u0131sm\u0131, i\u00e7 ticarete ait maddeleri; zeyli meydana getiren ikinci k\u0131s\u0131m ise \u0130ngiltere\u2019den ithal edilecek mallarla, transit e\u015fyalar\u0131n g\u00fcmr\u00fcklendirilme \u015fekillerini ihtiva ediyordu.<\/p>\n

Antla\u015fman\u0131n zeyl k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ikinci maddesine g\u00f6re, zirai mahsullerle sair e\u015fya \u00fczerine konan yed-i vahid yani tekel usul\u00fc, tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu maddeyle emperyalizmin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engeller kald\u0131r\u0131larak, iktisadi sistemimiz felce u\u011fram\u0131\u015f oluyordu. Ayr\u0131ca, i\u00e7 ticaretin, Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131na m\u00fcnhas\u0131r kalmas\u0131 da kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p, istisnas\u0131z bir \u015fekilde \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar\u0131na veriliyordu.<\/p>\n

Antla\u015fman\u0131n di\u011fer \u00f6nemli h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine gelince, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc madde ile, Britanya tebaas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 memleketleri mahsul\u00fc olan b\u00fct\u00fcn maddeleri, istisnas\u0131z olarak ihra\u00e7 etme iznine sahip olacaklard\u0131. Alt\u0131nc\u0131 madde ile transit resmi kald\u0131r\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Yedinci madde ile, \u0130ngiliz gemileriyle gelen \u0130ngiliz emtias\u0131 i\u00e7in, bir defa g\u00fcmr\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6dendikten sonra, ithalat\u00e7\u0131 veya al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan nereye >\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse >\u00fcr\u00fcls\u00fcn bir daha g\u00fcmr\u00fck \u00f6denmeyecekti. Antla\u015fman\u0131n bu h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ile, Osmanl\u0131 hazinesi, \u00f6nemli bir gelir kayna\u011f\u0131ndan mahrum kald\u0131. \u00d6nceden yabanc\u0131 bir emtia bir eyaletten di\u011fer bir eyalete ge\u00e7erken, ilave g\u00fcmr\u00fck \u00f6demek zorunda bulundu\u011fundan, fiyat\u0131 artarak rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybediyordu. \u015eimdi ise, Osmanl\u0131 t\u00fcccar\u0131, bir yerden bir yere bir mal\u0131 >\u00fcr\u00fcp satarken y\u00fczde 12 vergi verirken, \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar\u0131, ortaklar\u0131 ve adamlar\u0131, y\u00fczde be\u015f vergi \u00f6deyecekti. B\u00f6ylece, \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 t\u00fcccar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 korunmu\u015f oluyordu. Bilahare transit resminin devam etmesine karar verilmi\u015f ise de, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k ithalat resimlerinde, y\u00fczde ikiye varan bir indirime daha gidildi.<\/p>\n

Bu arada antla\u015fma h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin M\u0131s\u0131r, Afrika eyaletleri dahil b\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde ve her s\u0131n\u0131f halk taraf\u0131ndan tatbik ve riayet olunaca\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekildikten sonra, isteyen b\u00fct\u00fcn dost devletlere de istisnas\u0131z olarak antla\u015fman\u0131n te\u015fmil edilece\u011fi taahh\u00fct olunuyordu. Nitekim, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011fine kadar, Osmanl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f ticaretinde birinci s\u0131ray\u0131 alan Fransa, menfaatlerine halel gelece\u011fini bilerek bu antla\u015fma h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden 25 Kas\u0131m 1838\u2019de yukar\u0131daki maddeye istinaden ayn\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ihtiva eden bir antla\u015fma imzalad\u0131. Bunu, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer devletleri takip etmekte gecikmediler. 31 Ocak 1840\u2019ta \u0130sve\u00e7 ve Norve\u00e7, 2 Mart 1840\u2019ta \u0130spanya, 14 Mart 1840\u2019ta Hollanda, 30 Nisan 1840\u2019ta Bel\u00e7ika, 1 May\u0131s 1841\u2019de Danimarka ve 20 Mart 1843\u2019te Portekiz ile antla\u015fmalar imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mustafa Re\u015fid Pa\u015fan\u0131n faaliyetleri sonucu, 1838\u2019de \u00f6nce \u0130ngiltere ve sonraki y\u0131llarda di\u011fer Avrupa devletleriyle imzalanan bu ticari antla\u015fmalar, esnaf\u0131 ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 u\u015fakl\u0131\u011fa, devletimizi de bor\u00e7 batakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmekten \u00f6te bir i\u015fe yaramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim, antla\u015fman\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131ndan sonra Avusturya ba\u015fbakan\u0131; \u201c\u0130\u015fte Osmanl\u0131 \u015fimdi bitti!\u201d derken, Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya b\u00fcy\u00fck bir darbenin vuruldu\u011funu daha i\u015fin ba\u015f\u0131nda s\u00f6ylemekten kendini alamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Aradan yirmi y\u0131l ge\u00e7tikten sonra, 1858\u2019de antla\u015fman\u0131n tesirlerini anlatan \u0130ngiliz Edward Michelson ise; \u201cYabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcn\u00fc olan T\u00fcrk sanayiinin bir\u00e7ok kollar\u0131, \u015fimdi tamamen yok olmu\u015ftur. Bunlar aras\u0131nda pamuk sanayii ba\u015fta gelir ki, bunlar tamam\u0131yla \u0130ngiliz sanayii taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. \u015e>\u2019\u0131n \u00e7elik b\u0131\u00e7aklar\u0131, K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n \u015fekeri, \u0130znik\u2019in \u00e7inisi, Teselya\u2019n\u0131n iplik boya sanayii hep yok olmu\u015ftur. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu sanayi kollar\u0131n\u0131n, bug\u00fcn, T\u00fcrk topraklar\u0131nda art\u0131k izi bile kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d derken, T\u00fcrk sanayiinin d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ac\u0131 durumu dile getirmi\u015ftir. Bu ticaret antla\u015fmalar\u0131, devlet hazinesini, \u00f6nemli masraflar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamaz hale getirdi ve Avrupa\u2019dan bor\u00e7 alma yolu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k devri ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekten de Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz, 1861\u2019de tahta \u00e7\u0131karken, 1838 ticari antla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n bir neticesi olarak, d\u0131\u015f ticaretin yan\u0131nda i\u00e7 ticaret de yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta mali ve iktisadi \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde bulunan bir devletle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f idi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Baltaliman\u0131 Antla\u015fmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin, 1838\u2019de, \u0130ngiltere ile Baltaliman\u0131\u2019nda imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ticaret antla\u015fmas\u0131. Avrupa\u2019da sanayi ink\u0131lab\u0131n\u0131n neticesi olarak daha fazla ham maddeye ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti de 1826\u2019dan itibaren, ham maddesini d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kararak, esnaf\u0131n i\u015fsiz kalmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek maksad\u0131yla bir nevi himaye sistemi olan yed-i vahid (tekel) usul\u00fcn\u00fc uygulamaya koymu\u015ftu. Sistemin, ayr\u0131ca, yeni kurulmu\u015f olan … Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29,26],"tags":[28,20838],"class_list":["post-46","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-antlasmalar","category-tarih","tag-antlasma","tag-antlasmalar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=46"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=46"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}