6.SINIF \u0130PEK YOLUNDA T\u00dcRKLER (\u0130LK M\u00dcSL\u00dcMAN T\u00dcRK DEVLETLER\u0130) KONU \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/p>\n
T\u00dcRKLER\u0130N \u0130SLAM\u0130YETE G\u0130R\u0130\u015e\u0130
\n751 Tala\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131, T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slam Dinini se\u00e7mesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra \u0130slam ordular\u0131nda ve halife hizmetlerinde T\u00fcrkler \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r getirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slam Dinini se\u00e7mesindeki bir di\u011fer neden ise G\u00f6k tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131 ile \u0130slamiyet\u2019in birbirine benzerlik g\u00f6stermesidir. Bu benzerlikler;
\n1) T\u00fcrklerin, \u0130slamiyet gibi tek tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131n\u0131 daha \u00f6nceden de benimsemi\u015f olmalar\u0131,
\n2) \u00a0\u0130ki inan\u00e7ta da ahiret anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131,
\n3) T\u00fcrklerdeki fetih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla, \u0130slamiyet’teki cihat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n birbirine benzemesi
\n4) T\u00fcrklerde de kurban adama anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131,
\n5) T\u00fcrk \u00f6rf, gelenek ve ahlaki de\u011ferlerinin \u0130slam Dini ile paralellik g\u00f6stermesidir.
\nT\u00fcrkler \u0130slam Dinini kabul ettikten sonra;
\n\u25a0 \u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n koruyuculu\u011funu \u00fcstlenmi\u015fler,
\n\u25a0 \u0130slamiyet’in yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015flar,
\n\u25a0 Bilim ve sanat\u0131n her dal\u0131nda \u00f6nemli eserler yaratarak, T\u00fcrk \u0130slam Medeniyeti\u2019nin ilermesine katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
KARAHANLILAR (840-1212)
\n\u25a0 \u00a0Uygur Devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra 840-1212 tarihleri aras\u0131n\u00acda, T\u00fcrkistan ve Mavera\u00fcnnehir’de kurulan ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devletidir.
\n\u25a0 \u00a0Karahanl\u0131lar; Kartuk, \u00c7i\u011fil, Basmil, Ya\u011fma ve di\u011fer T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131ndan meydana gelmi\u015ftir.
\n\u25a0 Bilge K\u00fcl Kadir Han taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.
\n\u25a0 \u00a0Satuk Bu\u011fra Han d\u00f6neminde \u0130slamiyet h\u0131zla yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130slamiyet resmi din haline gelmi\u015ftir.
\n\u25a0 Karahanl\u0131lar, halk\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 T\u00fcrk olan bir b\u00f6lgede kuruldu\u011fu i\u00e7in resmi dili, konu\u015f\u00acma dili ve edebi dili T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir. Bu sayede yeni bir T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve edebiyat\u0131 do\u011f\u00acmu\u015ftur.
\n\u25a0 \u00a0Yusuf Kadir Han’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde sonra o\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan taht kavgalar\u0131 sonucunda \u00a0\u00fclke Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Karahanl\u0131 lar olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131.
\n\u25a0 \u00a0Do\u011fu Karahanl\u0131lar 1211’de Karahitaylar taraf\u0131ndan, Bat\u0131 Karahanl\u0131lar ise 1212 oe Harzem\u015fahlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00d6nemli \u00d6zellikleri
\n\u2022 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0130slamiyeti kabul eden ilk T\u00fcrk devletidir.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Karahanl\u0131lar \u0130slamiyeti kabul etmekle bir\u00aclikte T\u00fcrkl\u00fck bilincini kaybetmediler ve mill\u00ee ben\u00acliklerini korudular.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi resm\u00ee dil olarak kabul ederek, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131da bulundular.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 T\u00fcrk – islam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn temellerini atarak, bu alanda ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 eserleri verdiler.
\nDE\u011eERL\u0130 M\u0130RAS
\nKa\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut (1008 -1075)
\n\u0130slamiyet’in kabul\u00fcnden sonraki d\u00f6nem\u00aclerde T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin en b\u00fcy\u00fck savunucusu ve T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin ilk temsilcisi olan Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’n\u0131n Ka\u015fgar \u015fehrinde do\u011f\u00acdu.
\nDivan-\u0131 L\u00fcg\u00e2ti’t – T\u00fcrk yabanc\u0131lara T\u00fcrk\u00ac\u00e7eyi \u00f6\u011fretmek amac\u0131yla 1073 -1077 tarihleri ara\u00acs\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat’ta yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir s\u00f6zl\u00fckt\u00fcr. Eser, T\u00fcrk dilini Araplara tan\u0131tmak amac\u0131yla yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Arap\u00e7a olarak kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7inde pek \u00e7ok T\u00fcrk\u00e7e deyim, \u015fiir, atas\u00f6z\u00fc yer almaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kuvvet, g\u00fc\u00e7, kudret anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bize bildiren ilk ki\u015fi Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut’tur.<\/p>\n
GAZNEL\u0130LER (963-1183)
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Gazne Devleti, Afganistan’\u0131n Gazne \u015fehrinde kurulmu\u015ftur.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Kurucusu Alp Tekin’dir.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Gazneliler en parlak d\u00f6nemini Sultan Mahmut d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00a0Sultan Mahmut, \u00a0\u0130slamiyet’i yaymak i\u00e7in Hindistan’a 17 sefer d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Sultan Mahmut’tan sonra yerine Sultan Mesut ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Sultan Mesut, Sel\u00e7uklularla Dandanakan Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131’ yapm\u0131\u015f ve devlet y\u0131k\u0131lma s\u00fcrecine girmi\u015ftir.
\n\u25a0 Gazne Devletinde, Sultan Mesut’un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f ve devlet Gurlular taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Gaznelilerin \u00d6zellikleri
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Egemenlikleri alt\u0131na ald\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgede farkl\u0131 milletlerin bulunmas\u0131 Gaznelilerin y\u0131k\u0131lma\u00acs\u0131nda etkili oldu.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Araplar\u0131n ve \u0130ranl\u0131lar\u0131n etkisinde kald\u0131lar. Resm\u00ee yaz\u0131\u015fmalarda Arap\u00e7ay\u0131, sarayda T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi, edebiyat dili olarak Fars\u00e7ay\u0131 kulland\u0131lar.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 \u00c7ok uluslu yap\u0131ya sahip olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in mil\u00acl\u00ee birli\u011fi sa\u011flayamad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
B\u00dcY\u00dcK SEL\u00c7UKLU DEVLET\u0130(1038-1157)
\n\uf0fc \u00a0 Tu\u011frul ve \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 beyleri taraf\u0131ndan kurulan devlet, ad\u0131n\u0131 dedeleri Sel\u00e7uk Bey’den alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\uf0fc \u00a0 1038\u2019deTu\u011frul Bey Ni\u015fabur \u015fehrinde kendi ad\u0131na hutbe okutup para bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti kurulmu\u015ftur.
\n\uf0fc \u00a0 Sel\u00e7uklular, Gaznelilerle \u00a01040\u2019da yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00a0Dandanakan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 \u00a0kazanm\u0131\u015f ve Gazne Devleti, Sel\u00e7uklu egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir.
\n\uf0fc \u00a0 Dandanakan Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra Anadolu’ya y\u00f6nelen Sel\u00e7uklular, Bizans’la sava\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 1048\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Pasinler Sava\u015f\u0131, Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n Bizans’a kar\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk zaferdir.
\n\uf0fc \u00a0 Tu\u011frul Bey, 1055 y\u0131l\u0131nda B\u00fcveyhio\u011fullan’n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda kalan Abbasi Halifesi’ne yard\u0131m etmi\u015f ve onu kurtarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine Halife, Tu\u011frul Bey’e “Do\u011funun ve Bat\u0131’n\u0131n Sultan\u0131” \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Tu\u011frul Bey’den sonra yerine \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 Bey’in o\u011flu Alparslan ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.
\n\uf0fc \u00a0 Alparslan d\u00f6neminde Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n Do\u011fu Anadolu’da etkili olmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine Bizans \u0130mparatoru Romenos Diogenes, haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ordusuyla Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1071 y\u0131l\u0131nda Malazgirt Ovas\u0131’nda yap\u0131lan sava\u015fta Sel\u00e7uklular \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zafer kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Malazgirt Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131nda Bizans ordusunda paral\u0131 askerlik yapan Pe\u00e7enek ve O\u011fuz T\u00fcrkleri’nin Sel\u00e7uklu taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7meleri etkili olmu\u015ftur. Malazgirt Sava\u015f\u0131 sonucunda
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Anadolu’nun kap\u0131lar\u0131 T\u00fcrkler’e a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Anadolu’nun T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesi ve \u0130slamla\u015fmas\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Bizans’\u0131n \u00a0savunma g\u00fcc\u00fc k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ,
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Anadolu’da ilk T\u00fcrk beylikleri Alparslan\u2019\u0131n komutanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.
\nAlparslan’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yerine o\u011flu Melik\u015fah ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.
\n\uf0fc \u00a0 Melik\u015fah d\u00f6nemi devletin en geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlara ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcr-uygarl\u0131k seviyesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en \u00fcst d\u00fczeye eri\u015fti\u011fi d\u00f6nemdir. D\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc veziri Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk devlet te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131 alan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kurdu\u011fu Nizamiye Medreseleri ile e\u011fitimi geli\u015ftirmi\u015f, “Siyasetname” adl\u0131 eserinde ise devlet y\u00f6netimi ile ilgili bil\u00acgiler vermi\u015ftir.
\n\uf0fc \u00a0 Melik\u015fah 1092 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra devlette s\u00fcrekli taht kavgalar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu \u015fekilde zay\u0131flayan devlet, 1141 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Katvan Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n kaybedilmesiyle y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci\u00acne girmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde devleti ayakta tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Sultan Sencer’in 1157 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Veziri Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk (1018- 1092)
\n\u25a0 As\u0131l ad\u0131, Ebu Ali Hasan’d\u0131r. \u00a0Babas\u0131 Ali, \u00a0o d\u00f6nemde | o\u011fluna, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en ileri bilgin ki\u015filerini \u00f6\u011fretmen olarak tuttu, iyi bir e\u011fitim almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.
\n\u25a0 \u0130lk g\u00f6revi, babas\u0131 ile birlikte gitti\u011fi Gazne Devleti’nde olmu\u015ftur. –
\n\u25a0 Bu s\u0131rada, Gazne T\u00fcrk Devleti ile B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti aras\u0131nda Dandanakan Sava\u015f\u0131 (1040) patlak verdi.<\/p>\n
\u25a0 Sava\u015fta B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklular \u00fcst\u00fcn geldiklerinden, \u00a0Horasan d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Hasan ile babas\u0131 Ali, Gazne’ye \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131lar. \u00a0Fakat birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra, Horasan’a d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n hizmetine girdi. Sel\u00e7uklu h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Tu\u011frul Bey, Hasan’a, i\u00e7 y\u00f6netimde \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revler verdi. \u00a0Alparslan d\u00f6neminde vezirlik g\u00f6revine getirildi.
\n\u25a0 Kendisine Abbasi Halifesi Kaim bi – Emrillah taraf\u0131ndan Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk lakab\u0131 verildi.
\n\u25a0 Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk, Malazgirt Sava\u015f\u0131 hari\u00e7 b\u00fct\u00fcn sava\u015flara h\u00fck\u00fcmdarla kat\u0131larak yaln\u0131z iyi bir b\u00fcrokrat olmay\u0131p, iyi bir asker oldu\u011funu da ispatlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u25a0 1092’de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk, 29 y\u0131l s\u00fcren vezirli\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00fclkeyi refah ve huzura kavu\u015fturmu\u015f, “Siyasetname” ad\u0131yla, yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserle, modern devlet y\u00f6netiminin nas\u0131l yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, \u00a0 zaman\u0131ndaki ve sonraki h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlara ve b\u00fcrokratlara \u00f6rneklerle anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00dcRK-\u0130SLAM K\u00dcLT\u00dcR VE UYGARLI\u011eI
\nDevlet Y\u00f6netimi
\nKarahanl\u0131lar \u0130slamiyet’i resmi din olarak benim\u00acsemi\u015f ama devlet y\u00f6netiminde \u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk devletlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00f6zelliklen s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00acm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Kut anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, devletin hanedan\u0131n ortak mal\u0131 olmas\u0131, ikili y\u00f6netim gibi uygulamalar\u0131 devam ettirmi\u015flerdir. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar unvan olarak Han, Hakan ve Ka\u011fan’\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
\nGazneliler’de, \u0130slamiyet’le birlikte Arap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile bir etkile\u015fim ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gazneliler “sultan” un\u00acvan\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f; h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar hakimi\u00acyetlerini Abbasi halifesine onaylatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti de Arap ve Fars (\u0130ran) et\u00ackisinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sel\u00e7uklu h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 ailelerinin erkek \u00fcyelerini yani melikleri \u00fclke y\u00f6netiminde tecr\u00fcbe kazanmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00fclkenin \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgeleri\u00acne y\u00f6netici olarak g\u00f6ndermi\u015flerdir. Melikleri g\u00f6n\u00acderirken yanlar\u0131na da her bak\u0131mdan tecr\u00fcbeli “Atabey” denilen ki\u015fileri g\u00f6revlendirmi\u015flerdir.
\nDevlet y\u00f6netiminde \u00f6nemli i\u015flerin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u00ac\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc divan olu\u015fturulmu\u015f ve bu divan h\u00fck\u00fcm\u00acdara dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nOrdu Sistemi
\n\u2022 \u00a0 \u0130lk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devletlerinde ordu sis\u00actemleri birbirine benzerdi. Ordu d\u00fczenli ve disip\u00aclinliydi.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0130lk T\u00fcrk – \u0130slam devletlerinin ordular\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fc\u00acy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde T\u00fcrkler olu\u015ftururdu. Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n Karluk, Ya\u011fma ve \u00c7i\u011fil T\u00fcrklerinden olu\u015fan g\u00fc\u00e7\u00acl\u00fc bir ordular\u0131 vard\u0131.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Gazne ordusu; k\u00f6leler, d\u00fczenli birlikler, eyalet askerleri, \u00fccretli askerler ve g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerden olu\u015furdu. Gazne ordusunda ba\u015fka uluslardan as\u00ackerler de bulunurdu. \u00c7o\u011funlukla atl\u0131 birliklerden olu\u015fan Gazne ordusunda, filler de kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 \u00a0B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu ordusu; merkez ordusu, hassa ordusu, ikta askerleri, T\u00fcrkmenler, ba\u011fl\u0131 devletlerin ve beyliklerin askerlerinden olu\u015fuyordu
\n\u2022 \u00a0 B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’nde asker\u00ee sistem topra\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. \u00dclke toprak\u00aclar\u0131 vergi gelirlerine g\u00f6re ikta ad\u0131 verilen b\u00f6l\u00fcmle\u00acre ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu topraklar komutanlara hizmetle\u00acri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda belli bir s\u00fcre ile verilmi\u015ftir. \u0130kta sistemi ile;
\n\u2022 Devletin hazinesine y\u00fck olunmadan, d\u00fc\u00aczenli bir ordunun kurulmas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin g\u00fcvenlikleri, ikta sahiplerinin yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi askerler taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011f\u00aclanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Topra\u011fa dayal\u0131 k\u00f6le sisteminin olu\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmi\u015ftir.
\n\u2022 \u00dcretimde s\u00fcreklilik ve art\u0131\u015f sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 \u0130kta sisteminde toprak \u00fczerinde \u00fcretim yapan \u00e7ift\u00e7i, vergisini o b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6nderilen komu\u00actana verirdi. Komutan da verginin bir k\u0131sm\u0131yla ge\u00e7i\u00acmini sa\u011flar, bir k\u0131sm\u0131yla da orduya atl\u0131 asker yeti\u015f\u00actirirdi. B\u00f6ylece devlet hazineden masraf yapmaks\u0131\u00acz\u0131n her zaman haz\u0131r bir orduya sahip olurdu.<\/p>\n
Sosyal ve Ekonomik Hayat
\n\u2022 \u00a0 \u0130lk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devletlerinde halk ge\u00acnellikle geleneklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. \u0130slam din\u00ee ile uyu\u015fmayan \u00e2detler kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 T\u00fcrk t\u00f6resi halk\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131nda belirleyici oldu. T\u00fcrk olmayan uluslar devletin ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc sebebiyle kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini devam ettirebildi.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Toplum i\u00e7erisinde sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131mlar\u0131 yoktu. Ancak meslek gruplar\u0131 kendi aralar\u0131nda \u00e7e\u00ac\u015fitli te\u015fkilatlar kurmu\u015flard\u0131. Lonca ad\u0131 verilen bu te\u015fkilatlarda ayn\u0131 mesle\u011fi yapanlar kendi arala\u00acr\u0131nda birlik kurarak bir denetim mekanizmas\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yar\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe oldu\u00ac\u011fu i\u00e7in ekonominin temelini hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve tar\u0131m olu\u015ftururdu. \u015eehirde oturanlar ise devlet memur\u00acluklar\u0131 ve ticari i\u015flerle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Do\u011fudan gelen ti\u00accaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetini ellerinde bulunduran T\u00fcrk devletleri bu yollardan yararlanarak zengin\u00acliklerini art\u0131rd\u0131lar.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’nde ticari gelirle\u00acrin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla ticaret yollar\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik al\u00act\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131 ve ticari faaliyetleri geli\u015ftirmek amac\u0131y\u00acla kervansaraylar yap\u0131ld\u0131.
\nEdebiyat, Bilim ve Sanat
\n\u2022 \u00a0 \u0130lk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk devletlerinde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Karahanl\u0131lar T\u00fcrk-\u00e7eyi resm\u00ee dil olarak ilan ettiler. Ancak di\u011fer T\u00fcrk devletlerinde halk\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun Arap ve \u0130ranl\u0131 olma\u00acs\u0131 sebebiyle Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alanda \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7an\u0131n bilim ve edebiyat alan\u0131nda \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin geli\u015fimini zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 H\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar bilim faaliyetlerine \u00f6nem vermi\u015f ve \u00fclkelerinin \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde medreseler yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti veziri Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk’\u00fcn Ba\u011fdat’ta yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Nizamiye Medresesi d\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli bilim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr merke\u00aczi durumuna geldi. Medreselerde din\u00ee bilimlerin yan\u0131nda tarih, co\u011frafya, matematik ve fen bilimle\u00acri de okutulurdu.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 Farab\u00ee, \u0130bni Sina, Harezm\u00ee, Bir\u00fbni, \u00d6mer Hayyam ve Zemah\u015feri bu d\u00f6nemde yeti\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6nemli bilim adamlar\u0131d\u0131r.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 \u0130slam dininin resim ve heykel yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yasaklamas\u0131 sebebiyle minyat\u00fcr, kakmac\u0131l\u0131k, hat\u00actatl\u0131k gibi s\u00fcsleme sanatlar\u0131 geli\u015fme g\u00f6sterdi.
\n\u2022 \u00a0 T\u00fcrk – \u0130slam sanat\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 Orta Asya’daki T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne kadar dayan\u0131r. T\u00fcrk – \u0130slam devletlerinde mimari geli\u015fti ve yeni sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u00aclar\u0131 do\u011fdu. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00e7ok say\u0131da mimari eser yap\u0131ld\u0131. Karahanl\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flayan hasta\u00acne kurma faaliyetleri Sel\u00e7uklular d\u00f6neminde ge\u00acli\u015fti. Ayr\u0131ca cami, k\u00fcmbet, kervansaray, han, ha\u00acmam gibi mimari eserler yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Toprak Y\u00f6netimi
\nT\u00fcrk \u0130slam devletlerinde topra\u011f\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti devlete aitti. Topraklar halka i\u015flemesi i\u00e7in verilir\u00acdi. Topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleyen halk, ekip bi\u00e7me hakk\u0131na sa\u00achipti. Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretime \u00f6nem verilmi\u015f, bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00acceyle birlikte \u00fcretimin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kaliteyi ar\u00act\u0131rmak i\u00e7in topra\u011f\u0131 bo\u015f b\u0131rakan\u0131n elinden al\u0131na\u00acrak ba\u015fkalar\u0131na verilmi\u015ftir.
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’nde toprak, kullan\u0131\u00acl\u0131\u015f ama\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re 4’e ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar;
\nHassa arazi: Vergi gelirleri h\u00fck\u00fcmdara ait topraklard\u0131r.
\n\u0130kta arazi: Gelirleri devlet memurlar\u0131na ve sava\u015fta yararl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterenlere maa\u015f kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilen arazilerdir. \u0130ktalar, saraya ait topraklar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan arazilerdir.
\nM\u00fclk arazi: Ki\u015fiye ait topraklard\u0131r. Bu ara\u00acziler al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131labilir ve miras olarak b\u0131rak\u0131la\u00acbilirdi.
\nVak\u0131f arazi: Elde edilen gelirler, sosyal ama\u00e7l\u0131 hizmet yapan kurumlara ayr\u0131lan topraklard\u0131r.(cami, medrese, hastane gibi sosyal ku\u00acrumlar) Bu topraklar, sat\u0131lamaz ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131na miras b\u0131rak\u0131lamazd\u0131.
\nHukuk
\nT\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devletlerinde hukuk sistemi iki\u00acye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Adli i\u015flerde \u2018\u2019\u00f6rfi ve \u015feri” hukuk ku\u00acrallar\u0131 uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rfi hukuk kurallar\u0131, adet, gelenek, g\u00f6renek, t\u00f6re kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir. \u015eeri hukuk kurallar\u0131 ise dinsel kurallara g\u00f6re ortaya konmu\u015ftur. Adli i\u015flere kad\u0131lar bakmaktayd\u0131. Or\u00acdu mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n davalar\u0131na ve b\u00fcy\u00fck davalara ise kad\u0131asker bakmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
6.SINIF \u0130PEK YOLUNDA T\u00dcRKLER (\u0130LK M\u00dcSL\u00dcMAN T\u00dcRK DEVLETLER\u0130) KONU \u00d6ZET\u0130 T\u00dcRKLER\u0130N \u0130SLAM\u0130YETE G\u0130R\u0130\u015e\u0130 751 Tala\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131, T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slam Dinini se\u00e7mesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra \u0130slam ordular\u0131nda ve halife hizmetlerinde T\u00fcrkler \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r getirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slam Dinini se\u00e7mesindeki bir di\u011fer neden ise G\u00f6k tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131 ile \u0130slamiyet\u2019in birbirine benzerlik g\u00f6stermesidir. Bu benzerlikler; 1) T\u00fcrklerin, … Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1686,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[15301,13188],"class_list":["post-41369","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sosyal-bilgiler","tag-6-sinif-ipek-yolunda-turkler","tag-ipek-yolunda-turkler"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41369","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1686"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41369"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41369\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41369"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41369"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41369"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}