{"id":41176,"date":"2013-02-06T17:42:40","date_gmt":"2013-02-06T15:42:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/?p=41176"},"modified":"2020-04-26T16:33:46","modified_gmt":"2020-04-26T13:33:46","slug":"1921192419611982-anayasalarinin-ozellikleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/1921192419611982-anayasalarinin-ozellikleri.html","title":{"rendered":"1921,1924,1961,1982 Anayasalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>1921 Anayasas\u0131<\/h1>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-check\">\n<li>Milli Egemenlik ilk kez dile getirilir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0T\u00fcrk tarihinin en yumu\u015fak anayasas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme yetkisi mecliste topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Meclis h\u00fck\u00fcmeti s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Meclisin bakanlar\u0131 her zaman de\u011fi\u015febilir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Bakanlar kurulunun meclise kullanabilece\u011fi hi\u00e7bir silah\u0131 yoktur.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Bakanlar teker teker meclis taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Devlet Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcessesi yok.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Meclis h\u00fck\u00fcmeti; yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yasamada birle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Milletvekili se\u00e7imlerini 2 y\u0131lda bir yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Hangi ilin ba\u015fkent olaca\u011f\u0131 karar verilmemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>1924 Anayasas\u0131<\/h1>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-check\">\n<li>Karma h\u00fck\u00fcmet sistemi benimsenmi\u015ftir. Karma h\u00fck\u00fcmet sistemi, meclis h\u00fck\u00fcmet sistemi ile parlamenter h\u00fck\u00fcmet sistemine ge\u00e7i\u015f aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.<\/li>\n<li>Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131 ile birlikte kabine sistemi olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Anayasa sertli\u011fi s\u00f6z konusudur: Anayasan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi konusuna ili\u015fkin prosed\u00fcr ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 i\u015flenmi\u015f ve baz\u0131 \u015fartlara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanunlar\u0131n anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamayaca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat 1961 anayasas\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrede kanunlar\u0131n anayasaya uygunlu\u011funa ili\u015fkin bir yarg\u0131sal denetim mekanizmas\u0131 mevcut olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, anayasa ihlali s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Laiklik: \u00d6ncelikle 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cDevletin dini \u0130slam&#8217;d\u0131r\u201d maddesi anayasadan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda da 6 Atat\u00fcrk ilkesi anayasaya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kamu H\u00fcrriyetleri: Tabii Hak ilkesi kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu ilke ile h\u00fcrriyetin tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir. Denetim mekanizmans\u0131n yoklu\u011fu dolay\u0131s\u0131yla meclis taraf\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7o\u011funluk\u00e7u demokrasi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahiptir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0946 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren \u00e7ok partili siyasi hayat kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0946 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren tek dereceli se\u00e7im sistemi benimsenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Parlamenter sistemin ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi; y\u00fcr\u00fctme organ\u0131n, yasama organ\u0131ndan kaynaklanmas\u0131 ve ona kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlu olmas\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>1961 Anayasas\u0131<\/h1>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-check\">\n<li>Yasama yetkisi Millet Meclisi ve Cumhuriyet Senatosu olarak iki meclis aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Parlamenter sistem uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Devlet Planlama Te\u015fkilat\u0131 kuruldu (1960). Kalk\u0131nma ve y\u0131ll\u0131k planlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlar.<\/li>\n<li>27 May\u0131s 1960 m\u00fcdahalesiyle birlikte ge\u00e7ici bir anayasa d\u00fczeni kurulmu\u015f ve meclisin yetkileri ile donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Milli Birlik Komitesi (MBK) olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. MBK, Kurucu Meclisin askeri kanad\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisi sivil kanad\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu. Bu komitenin kurdu\u011fu Kurucu Meclis anayasa ve se\u00e7im kanunlar\u0131n\u0131 yapmakla g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015ftir. Kurucu Meclis \u00fcyelerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc iki dereceli se\u00e7imle se\u00e7ilen \u00fcyelerden, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc siyasal partilerin kendi se\u00e7tikleri temsilcilerden, di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de \u00e7e\u015fitli kurulu\u015flar\u0131n (\u00fcniversiteler, barolar, yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131 gibi) temsilcilerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. \u00dcyelerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve Milli Birlik Komitesi taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmi\u015fti.<\/li>\n<li>Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc: Anayasan\u0131n 8. maddesi ile anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 kanunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131, uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtildikten sonra, Anayasan\u0131n yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve yarg\u0131 organlar\u0131 ile idareyi ve ki\u015fileri ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilerek Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca kurulan yarg\u0131sal denetim mekanizmas\u0131 ile \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fcvence sistemi getirecek anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sa\u011flanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesi kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesi: Yasa yapma yetkisi TBMM, yarg\u0131 yetkisi Mahkemelere ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme yetkisi Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 ve Bakanlar Kuruluna verilmi\u015ftir. Yarg\u0131 erkinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile pratik \u00f6nem kazanmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Devlet iktidar\u0131n\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131: \u0130ki meclis sistemi getirilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re meclis yani yasama organ\u0131 Millet Meclisi ve Cumhuriyet Senatosu olarak ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Genel idare i\u00e7inde \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netimle, kendi kendilerini y\u00f6netme yetkisine sahip kurulu\u015flar\u0131n yap\u0131lanmas\u0131na izin vermektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; \u00fcniversiteler ve radyo televizyon idarelerinin konumu bu kapsamdayd\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7o\u011fulcu toplum yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi: Siyasi partiler g\u00fcvenceli bir hukuki stat\u00fcye kavu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Sendikalar hakk\u0131nda d\u00fczenlemeler i\u015f hukukun geli\u015fimi ve demokratik esaslara uyumu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zerk stat\u00fcye sahip kamu kurulu\u015flar\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Temel haklar\u0131n geni\u015fletilmesi ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi: \u00d6nceden izin almaks\u0131z\u0131n toplant\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f yapma hakk\u0131 getirilmi\u015ftir. Temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetler, anayasan\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ve ruhuna uygun olarak kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir. Bu madde ile temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetlerin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1961 anayasas\u0131 ile temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetlerin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, yarg\u0131sal denetime tabii k\u0131l\u0131nacak \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Sosyal devlet: Ama\u00e7 sosyal adaleti, bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve toplumsal dengeyi sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Bu amaca ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in devlet aktif olarak ekonomik ve sosyal hayata m\u00fcdahale ederek sosyal devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 uygulamakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>Parlamenter sistem; yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin yumu\u015fak bir \u015fekilde ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistemdir. Yar\u0131 do\u011frudan demokrasilerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. En \u00f6nemli arac\u0131 referandum. Referandum, Anayasal de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin halk oyuna sunulmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>1961 Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n Uygulanmas\u0131<\/h2>\n<p>1961 anayasas\u0131 %40&#8217;a yak\u0131n bir muhalefetle kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Muhalefetin nedenleri<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-check\">\n<li>27 May\u0131s hareketiyle iktidardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan Demokratik Parti taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n bu hareket sonucu haz\u0131rlanan 1961 Anayasan\u0131n haks\u0131z m\u00fccadelenin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeleri.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Anayasa haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken Demokrat Parti taban\u0131n d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1961 Anayasas\u0131 1971-1973 ara rejimleriyle r\u00f6t\u00fc\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-check\">\n<li>\u00a0Y\u00fcr\u00fctme g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015ftir. Bakanlar kuruluna KHK (Kanun H\u00fckm\u00fcnde Kararname) \u00e7\u0131karma yetkisi verilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Temel haklarda s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar getirilmi\u015ftir. Tabii yarg\u0131 yolu yerine kanuni yarg\u0131 yolu getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Yarg\u0131sal denetimde s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar getirilmi\u015ftir. Anayasa mahkemesine iptal davas\u0131 a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131na sahip taraflarda s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar getirilmi\u015ftir. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 ve ana muhalefet partisidir. Anayasa mahkemesi Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini ancak \u015fekil y\u00f6n\u00fcnden denetleyebilir.<\/li>\n<li>Askeri Y\u00fcksek \u0130dari Mahkemesi kurularak asker ki\u015filerle ilgili idari i\u015flem ve eylemlerin denetimi Dan\u0131\u015ftay&#8217;\u0131n g\u00f6revinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ayr\u0131ca hakimlerin atanmalar\u0131nda genel y\u00f6ntemden sapan Devlet G\u00fcvenlik Mahkemeleri kurulmu\u015ftur.<br \/>\nTRT&#8217;nin \u00f6zerkli\u011fi kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fcniversitelerin \u00f6zerkli\u011fi azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Vergi, resim, har\u00e7lar\u0131n muafiyet ve istisnalar\u0131 ile nispet ve hadlerine ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapmaya Bakanlar Kurulu yetkili k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ana nedeni, 1961 anayasas\u0131n\u0131n devlet otoritesini zay\u0131flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131, devleti g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde yatmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>1982 Anayasas\u0131<\/h1>\n<p>12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980&#8217;de asker y\u00f6netime el koydu. B\u00f6ylece \u00fclke y\u00f6netimine ili\u015fkin t\u00fcm g\u00f6rev ve yetkileri Milli G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi (MGK) y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ge\u00e7ici bir d\u00f6nem ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-check\">\n<li><strong>MGK&#8217;n\u0131n yetkileri<\/strong><br \/>\nMGK Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n yetkilerine sahipti Milli G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi de Anayasan\u0131n Cumhuriyet Senatosuna ve TBMM&#8217;nin yetkilerine sahipti.<\/li>\n<li>Konsey Anayasay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme yetkisine sahipti. Bu yetki ile Konsey Kurucu \u0130ktidar \u00f6zelli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<br \/>\nKonseyce yap\u0131lan i\u015flemler, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kanunlar hakk\u0131nda Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131ktan yarg\u0131 yoluna ba\u015fvurulamazd\u0131.<br \/>\nBakanlara kamu personeli hakk\u0131nda uygulanacak i\u015flemler ve al\u0131nacak kararlar i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin durdurulmas\u0131 istemi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclemezdi.<\/li>\n<li>Milli G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi 1981 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kurucu Meclis hakk\u0131nda kanun ile yeni bir anayasa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Bu kanuna g\u00f6re Kurucu Meclisin g\u00f6revleri<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-asterisk\">\n<li>Yeni anayasay\u0131 ve bu anayasan\u0131n halk oyuna sunulu\u015funu haz\u0131rlamak.<\/li>\n<li>Siyasi partiler kanunu haz\u0131rlamak ve se\u00e7im kanunu haz\u0131rlamak.<\/li>\n<li>TBMM kurulup g\u00f6reve ba\u015flay\u0131ncaya kadar yasama yetkisine dayanarak, kanun koyma, de\u011fi\u015ftirme, kald\u0131rma g\u00f6revlerini yapma.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kurucu Meclis 2 kanattan olu\u015fuyordu. Milli G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi (askeri kanat) Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisi (sivil kanat). Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisi, kanun tasar\u0131s\u0131 ve teklifleri ile Anayasa metnini haz\u0131rlay\u0131p MGK&#8217;ya sunuyordu. MGK bu metinleri de\u011fi\u015ftirerek ya da tam olarak kabul edip Resmi Gazetede yay\u0131nl\u0131yordu. Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisi 120+40 \u00fcyeden olu\u015fuyordu. 40 \u00fcye do\u011frudan MGK&#8217;ca se\u00e7iliyordu. 120 \u00fcye ise; her ilin Valileri kendi iline ait kontenjan\u0131n 3 kat\u0131 kadar \u00fcyeyi MGK&#8217;ya bildiriyordu MGK da se\u00e7iyordu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1982 Anayasas\u0131 ve 1961 Anayasas\u0131 Benzerlikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-check\">\n<li>&#8211; Askeri m\u00fcdahale ile olu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; Anayasalar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmeden \u00f6nce halk oyuna sunulmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Her iki Anayasan\u0131n sivil kanad\u0131n\u0131n yetkileri s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131. Bakanlar kurulunu kurma, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme yetkileri yoktu.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Her iki Anayasada bir askeri bir sivil kanad\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kurallar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>1961 Anayasas\u0131 Askeri kanat: Milli Birlik Komitesi, Sivil kanat: Temsilciler Kurulu. 1982 Anayasas\u0131 Askeri kanat: Milli G\u00fcvenlik Komitesi, Sivil kanat: Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>1982 Anayasas\u0131 ve 1961 Anayasas\u0131 Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-check\">\n<li>1961 Anayasas\u0131nda yer alan Sivil Kanat (Temsilciler Kurulu) daha temsili nitelik ta\u015f\u0131rken. 1982 Anayasas\u0131nda Sivil Kanat Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisinin \u00fcyeleri atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>CHP, CKMP 1961 Anayasan\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda rol al\u0131rken 1982 Anayasas\u0131nda yani Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisinde hi\u00e7bir siyasi parti yok. Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisi daha b\u00fcrokratik bir g\u00f6revdedir.<\/li>\n<li>Temsilciler Meclisi, Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisinden daha yetkiliydi.<\/li>\n<li>1961 Anayasas\u0131nda halk oylamas\u0131nda ne olaca\u011f\u0131 belliyken (Anayasa kabul edilmez ise yeniden se\u00e7im yap\u0131lacak ve yeni Temsilciler Meclisi kurulacakt\u0131). 1982 Anayasas\u0131nda b\u00f6yle bir h\u00fck\u00fcm yoktu.<\/li>\n<li>1961 Anayasas\u0131nda siyasi partiler kamuoyu olu\u015fturma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan rol al\u0131rken. 1982 Anayasas\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bir muhalif harekete izin verilmemi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>1982 Anayasas\u0131 halk oyuna sunulurken Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imi de yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>1982 Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"bs-shortcode-list list-style-check\">\n<li>Daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bir defaya mahsus olarak Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imi halka yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br \/>\nKat\u0131 ve serttir. Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 onay\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 ilk kez getirilir.<\/li>\n<li>Milli G\u00fcvenlik Konseyinin d\u00fczenledi\u011fi kanunlar\u0131n anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilemez. 2001 de\u011fi\u015fiklikleriyle \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Otoritenin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131n, ki\u015filerin yarar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce geldi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ve anar\u015fi kayg\u0131lar\u0131 sebebiyle hak ve h\u00fcrriyetlerde s\u0131n\u0131rlamalara gidilmi\u015ftir. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devlet, otoriter idare kavramlar\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Y\u00fcr\u00fctme organ\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015ftir. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 makam\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Siyasi karar alma mekanizmalar\u0131ndaki t\u0131kan\u0131klar\u0131 giderici h\u00fck\u00fcmler getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Daha az kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 bir demokrasi modelini benimsemi\u015ftir. Siyasi partilerin kad\u0131n ve gen\u00e7lik kolu gibi ayr\u0131cal\u0131k yaratan yan kurulu\u015flar\u0131 meydana getirme yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1995 de\u011fi\u015fiklikleriyle hepsi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Se\u00e7im d\u00f6nemi 5 y\u0131la \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1921 Anayasas\u0131 Milli Egemenlik ilk kez dile getirilir. \u00a0T\u00fcrk tarihinin en yumu\u015fak anayasas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00a0Yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme yetkisi mecliste topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Meclis h\u00fck\u00fcmeti s\u00f6z konusudur. \u00a0Meclisin bakanlar\u0131 her zaman de\u011fi\u015febilir. \u00a0Bakanlar kurulunun meclise kullanabilece\u011fi hi\u00e7bir silah\u0131 yoktur. \u00a0Bakanlar teker teker meclis taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilir. \u00a0Devlet Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcessesi yok. \u00a0Meclis h\u00fck\u00fcmeti; yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yasamada birle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00a0Milletvekili se\u00e7imlerini &#8230; <a title=\"1921,1924,1961,1982 Anayasalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/1921192419611982-anayasalarinin-ozellikleri.html\" aria-label=\"More on 1921,1924,1961,1982 Anayasalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri\">Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1686,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[15110],"tags":[15132,15133],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41176"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1686"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41176"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41176\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41176"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41176"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41176"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}