Prof. Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836)<\/p>\n
Elektrik ak\u0131m \u015fiddeti birimine ad\u0131n\u0131 veren Frans\u0131z Matematik ve Fizik Profes\u00f6r\u00fc Andr\u00e9 – Marie Amp\u00e8re\u2019dir. Amp\u00e8re\u2019in deneysel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 manyetizman\u0131n yeni teorilerini ve elktrodinami\u011fin esaslar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Elektrik ak\u0131m \u015fiddeti uluslararas\u0131 birim sisteminin temel b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerinden biri ve elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131 yo\u011funlu\u011funu g\u00f6steren bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bunun birimi k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olarak A ile g\u00f6sterilen Amper\u2019dir. Bu birime ad\u0131n\u0131 veren, elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 ile manyetizma aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi tespit ederek, elektrodinami\u011fin temelini olu\u015fturan Matematik ve Fizik Profes\u00f6r\u00fc Frans\u0131z Andr\u00e9 – Marie Amp\u00e8re\u2019dir.<\/p>\n
Elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 biriminin tarifi i\u00e7in i\u00e7inden elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 ge\u00e7en iletkenleri birbirlerine \u00e7eken veya iten kuvvetten yararlan\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n
1 Amper (A), vakum i\u00e7ine paralel olarak yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, birbirleri ile aralar\u0131nda 1 metre (m) aral\u0131k bulunan, do\u011frusal olarak sonsuza kadar uzanan, \u00e7aplar\u0131 ihmal edilebilecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yuvarlak kesitteki iletkenlerden zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fmeden akan ak\u0131m\u0131n, her metresinde (m), 0,2 mikronewton\u2019luk (\u00b5N) bir kuvvet olu\u015fturan ak\u0131m miktar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Andr\u00e9 – Marie Amp\u00e8re, 22 Ocak 1775\u2019de Lyon\/Fransa\u2019da bir t\u00fcccar\u0131n o\u011flu olarak d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Hi\u00e7 okula gitmedi. Lyon yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Poleymieux\u2019deki evlerinde, babas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan e\u011fitildi. Bu arada Amp\u00e8re \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ve klasik eserleri de okuyarak kendini daha da geli\u015ftirdi. Babas\u0131 o\u011flunun matematik yetene\u011fini farkedince, onu bu y\u00f6nde te\u015fvik etti. Amp\u00e8re 12 ya\u015f\u0131nda A. Euler ve Bernoulli\u2019yi, 18 ya\u015f\u0131nda Lagrange\u2019\u0131n Analitik Mekani\u011fini okudu. Babas\u0131, 1793 y\u0131l\u0131nda ihtilal \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda idam edildi. Bu Amp\u00e8re i\u00e7in ilk kader \u015fokuydu. 1800 y\u0131l\u0131nda o\u011flu d\u00fcnyaya geldi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131lda, Bourg Departement okulunda Matematik \u00f6\u011fretmenli\u011fi g\u00f6revine getirildi.1803 y\u0131l\u0131nda kar\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc. Bu onda derin bir depresyon yaratan ikinci bir kader \u015foku oldu. Amp\u00e8re ayn\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde Lyon Lyceum\u2019unda ve do\u011fa bilimleri dersleri Profes\u00f6r\u00fc olarak g\u00f6reve ba\u015flad\u0131 ve 1804 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris Ecole Polytechnique\u2019de Repetitor (m\u00fczakereci) \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131 ve Colleg\u00e8 de France\u2019da Matematik ve Fizik Profes\u00f6r\u00fc olarak dersler verdi.<\/p>\n
1808 y\u0131l\u0131nda Napoleon, Amp\u00e8re\u2019i ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar t\u00fcm Fransa\u2019da seyahat etmesini gerektiren bir g\u00f6reve, \u00dcniversiteler Genel M\u00fcfetti\u015fli\u011fi\u2019ne atad\u0131. Bu arada Tarih ve Felsefe Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nde felsefe dersleri de veriyordu. 1809 y\u0131l\u0131nda Titular Profes\u00f6r (\u00dcnvan\u0131n\u0131 ad\u0131 ile birlikte kullanma yetkisi olan Profes\u00f6r) ve 1814 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bilim Akademisi \u00fcyesi oldu. 1807 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amp\u00e8re ikinci kez evlendi. Ancak evlilik iki y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. 1824 y\u0131l\u0131nda Colleg\u00e8 de France\u2019ta Deneysel Fizik Profes\u00f6r\u00fc olan Amp\u00e8re, mesleki kariyerinin zirvesine ula\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fcm onu Marsilya\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir tefti\u015f seyahati s\u0131ras\u0131nda 10 Haziran 1836 g\u00fcn\u00fc yakalad\u0131. Amp\u00e8re\u2019in kemikleri 1869 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris\u2019e getirilerek Montmartre Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Amp\u00e8re her \u015feyden \u00f6nce bir matematik\u00e7iydi. Hen\u00fcz 13 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken koni kesitleri \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Daha sonralar\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131k hesaplar\u0131 \u00fczerine ve parsiyel diferensiyal denklemler \u00fczerine temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri ortaya koymu\u015ftu. “Amp\u00e8re Zincirleme Kanunu” daha sonralar\u0131 Maxwell denklemlerinin temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir dahi bilim adam\u0131 olarak kimya problemleri de onu yak\u0131ndan ilgilendirmi\u015fti. Amp\u00e8re, atom teorisi ve fiziksel kimyan\u0131n da \u00f6nc\u00fcleri aras\u0131nda say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Amp\u00e8re 1814 y\u0131l\u0131nda, bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n da e\u015fit olmas\u0131 halinde, t\u00fcm gazlar\u0131n e\u015fit hac\u0131mlarda e\u015fit say\u0131da molek\u00fcle sahip olacacaklar\u0131 hipotezini ortaya koymu\u015ftu. Amp\u00e8re\u2019in, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u0130talyan Fizik\u00e7i Kont Amedeo Conte di Quaregna e Ceretto Avogadro\u2019nun (1776-1856) ayn\u0131 yasay\u0131 biraz de\u011fi\u015fik bir bi\u00e7imde dile getirdi\u011finden haberi yoktu.<\/p>\n
Amp\u00e8re bir matematik\u00e7i olarak, genel fizik yasalar\u0131n\u0131 deneysel olarak ortaya koyup, form\u00fcllerle tespit etme yetene\u011fine sahipti. Danimarkal\u0131 fizik\u00e7i Hans Christian Oersted\u2019in (1771-1851) bulu\u015fundan hareketle, elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, manyetizman\u0131n nedeni oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Oersted\u2019in deneylerini devam ettirdi. Amp\u00e8re yer k\u00fcresinin manyetizmas\u0131n\u0131n elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 ge\u00e7en bir iletkeni etkiledi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. 1820 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015famandra kural\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanan kural\u0131 ve Amp\u00e8re\u2019den ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak bir ka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra, Seebeck\u2019in de a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Selonoid” in manyetik etkisini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Amp\u00e8re i\u00e7inden ak\u0131m ge\u00e7en iki iletkenin, ak\u0131mlar\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fc ayn\u0131 oldu\u011funda birbirlerini \u00e7ektiklerini ve aksi y\u00f6nde olduklar\u0131nda ittiklerini kan\u0131tlad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, daha sonralar\u0131 elektrik motorlar\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesini sa\u011flayacak olan, elektro-m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n radyal hareket olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131n temel prensibi bulunmu\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n
Amp\u00e8re daha sonra, 1822 y\u0131l\u0131nda olay\u0131 matematiksel olarak tespit etti ve elektrodinami\u011fin temel pransiplerini bilimsel olarak ortaya koydu. Bu temel yasaya g\u00f6re i\u00e7inden ak\u0131m ge\u00e7en iki paralel iletkeni, ak\u0131mlar\u0131n y\u00f6nlerine g\u00f6re, iten veya \u00e7eken kuvvet, ak\u0131m ile do\u011fru, iletkenler ars\u0131ndaki mesafe ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Amp\u00e8re taraf\u0131ndan tespit edilen elektrodinami\u011fin bu temel yasas\u0131, Charles Augustin de Coulomb\u2019un (1739-1806) elektrik y\u00fckleri ve Henry Cavendish\u2019in (1731-1810) kitle ile ilgili yasalar\u0131na \u00e7ok benziyordu.<\/p>\n
Amp\u00e8re, akan elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n manyetizmin nedeni oldu\u011funu bulduktan sonra, atomlar\u0131n elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 hipotezini ortaya koydu. Bundan ba\u015fka, malzemelerin molek\u00fcler ring ak\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcren, yumu\u015fak veya sert manyetik davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Ileri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc bu dahinin bulu\u015fu ancak 100 y\u0131l sonra, malzeme yap\u0131 modellerinleri \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla, dairesel hareket eden elektronlar taraf\u0131ndan teyit edildi.<\/p>\n
Elektrodinami\u011fin esaslar\u0131n\u0131 bulman\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra, Amp\u00e8re ilk elektromanyetik telgraf\u0131 da buldu. 2 Ekim 1820\u2019de, elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 ile hareket eden bir m\u0131knat\u0131sl\u0131 i\u011fne ile Lyon\u2019da telgrafla haberle\u015fmeyi \u00f6nerdi. Elektromanyetik end\u00fcksiyon onun taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, ancak 10 y\u0131l sonra \u0130ngiliz Michael Faraday (1791-1867) bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in, onun zaman\u0131nda elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ve geriliminin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Amp\u00e8re, Galvanometre olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ak\u0131m g\u00f6sterme cihaz\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak da tan\u0131n\u0131r. O ayn\u0131 zamanda o zamana kadar tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olan Ak\u0131m ve Gerilim kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 da yerle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n
Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re 1820-1825 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131, 1826 y\u0131l\u0131nda “Elektrodinamik Olu\u015fumlar\u0131n, Yaln\u0131z Deneylerden T\u00fcretilmi\u015f Matematiksel Teorileri \u00dczerine” adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda toplad\u0131. Bu \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz do\u011fa bilimleri eseri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bilinen elektrotekni\u011fin temelini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n
Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re 10 Haziran 1836\u2019da Marsilya\u2019da (Fransa) 62 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc. Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son 7 y\u0131l\u0131nda, onu kuvvetten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren, akci\u011fer nezlesi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti. Fakir ve yaln\u0131z olarak ziyaret etti\u011fi \u00dcniversite\u2019yi denetledikten 24 saat sonra ate\u015f krizi bast\u0131.<\/p>\n
Dahi bir bilim adam\u0131 ve elektrodinami\u011fin kurucusu, Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc, ad\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bir\u00e7ok \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc aletinde, cihazlarda, elektrik saya\u00e7lar\u0131nda, elektrik makinalar\u0131nda, gemilerde ve caddelerde ad\u0131n\u0131n okunmas\u0131 ve onun \u015ferefine elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 birimine ad\u0131n\u0131n konulmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
KISACA : AMP\u00e9RE, Andr\u00e9 Marie<\/p>\n
(1775 Lyon – 1836 Marsilya)Frans\u0131z matematik ve fizik bilgini. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015ftan itibaren matematik, fizik, edebiyat ve felsefe alanlar\u0131nda kendini yeti\u015ftirdi. Matematik \u00fczerine ilk kitab\u0131n\u0131 on \u00fc\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda yazd\u0131. 1809’da Ecole Polytechnique’te mekanik profes\u00f6r\u00fc oldu. 1814’te Akademi \u00fcyeli\u011fine se\u00e7ildi. 1824’te College de France’da fizik profes\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne atand\u0131. Elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131yla m\u0131knat\u0131slar\u0131n ve kapal\u0131 iki ak\u0131m\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkilerini inceledi. Bu incelemeleri sonucunda elektrodinami\u011fin temellerini att\u0131. Arago ile birlikte elektrom\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131 buldu. Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Essai sur la Philosophie des Sciences” (Bilimlerin Felsefesi \u00dczerine Deneme) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 tamamlayamadan \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Prof. Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836) Elektrik ak\u0131m \u015fiddeti birimine ad\u0131n\u0131 veren Frans\u0131z Matematik ve Fizik Profes\u00f6r\u00fc Andr\u00e9 – Marie Amp\u00e8re\u2019dir. Amp\u00e8re\u2019in deneysel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 manyetizman\u0131n yeni teorilerini ve elktrodinami\u011fin esaslar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Elektrik ak\u0131m \u015fiddeti uluslararas\u0131 birim sisteminin temel b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerinden biri ve elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131 yo\u011funlu\u011funu g\u00f6steren bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bunun birimi k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olarak A ile g\u00f6sterilen … Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1686,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13915],"tags":[14650,14649,14648],"class_list":["post-40629","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kimdir","tag-ampere","tag-andre-marie","tag-andre-marie-ampere"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40629","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1686"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40629"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40629\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40629"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40629"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40629"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}