Empedokles (M.\u00d6. 483-423) ; Empedokles, bu g\u00fcne kadar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsedilen \u00fc\u00e7 elemente (su, hava ve ate\u015f) birde topra\u011f\u0131 ekler. Bu d\u00f6rt maddenin \u00e7e\u015fitli oranlarda birle\u015fmesiyle di\u011fer maddelerin olu\u015ftu\u011funu, ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla da maddelerin de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini savunur. Empedokles, \u201cevrendeki hi\u00e7 bir \u015feyin yok olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sadece d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (k\u00fctlenin koruma kanunu) savunur.\u201d
\nSimya, bir safla\u015ft\u0131rma sanat\u0131d\u0131r. Simyac\u0131lara g\u00f6re \u201cmadde; hastad\u0131r ve iyile\u015fti\u011finde alt\u0131n (temiz ruh) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.\u201d Alt\u0131n ve G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f m\u00fckemmel metaller olup di\u011ferleri m\u00fckemmel olmayan metallerdir. Bir teoriye g\u00f6re metaller; demir \u2192 bak\u0131r \u2192 kur\u015fun \u2192 kalay \u2192 c\u0131va \u2192 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u2192 alt\u0131n s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 izleyerek alt\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir. S\u0131rf bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden dolay\u0131 orta \u00e7a\u011fda alt\u0131n elde etmek i\u00e7in t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Simyan\u0131n geli\u015fimi dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, simya:
\n1. PRAT\u0130K S\u0130MYA
\n2. M\u0130ST\u0130K (EAZOTER\u0130K) S\u0130MYA, \u015feklinde iki k\u0131sma ay\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.
\nDemokrit (M.\u00d6. 460-370); Bu\u011fday\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek una d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, b\u00fcy\u00fck kum taneciklerinin ufalanmas\u0131n\u0131, hatta en saf madde olan alt\u0131n\u0131n bile a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyor, \u00f6yleyse atom; \u201cmaddelerin b\u00f6l\u00fcnemeyen en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimi olmal\u0131d\u0131r,\u201d fikrine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Ona g\u00f6re hareket, hem maddelerin hem de onlar\u0131n en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tanecikleri olan atomlar\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. Madde ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7s\u0131z ve sonsuzdur. Hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey yoktan var edilemedi\u011fi gibi, vardan da yok edilemez (madde ve enerjinin korunumu kanunu).
\nAristo(M.\u00d6. 384-328): Antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en etkin ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck otoritesi olan Aristo ve onun izleyicileri; maddenin atomlu yap\u0131da oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyip maddelerin bir \u201cy\u00fcksek akl\u0131n\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri oldu\u011funu savundular. Aristo\u2019ya g\u00f6re y\u00fcksek akl\u0131n kurdu\u011fu evrende her \u015fey, topraktan do\u011fup topra\u011fa d\u00f6nerdi. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f zinciri; toprak\u2192ate\u015f\u2192hava\u2192su ve yeniden toprak \u015feklindeydi
\n1.PRAT\u0130K S\u0130MYA: Maddenin hasta oldu\u011funu ancak safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fini ve safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda alt\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fece\u011fini savunan ve bu y\u00f6nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten bir ekold\u00fcr. Ancak alt\u0131n\u0131 saf olarak elde etmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan rastgele ve bilimsellikten uzak bu tip \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar bazen de\u011fi\u015fik ve yararl\u0131 \u015feyleri bulmaya da yar\u0131 yordu. Maddeleri kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p \u0131s\u0131t\u0131rken, nitrik asiti (HNO3), s\u00fclfirik asiti (H2SO4), tuz ruhu elde etme y\u00f6ntemlerini buldular. K\u00fck\u00fcrt\u00fcn (S), c\u0131van\u0131n (Hg), Arseni\u011fin (As) kimi \u00f6zelliklerini de \u00f6\u011frendiler Mesela; Alman bilim adam\u0131 Hennig Brand simyac\u0131lar\u0131n etkisinde kalarak \u201c insan idrar\u0131n\u0131n safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan alt\u0131n elde edilece\u011fine inand\u0131. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonunda alt\u0131n de\u011fil de, fosforu elde etti.\u201d<\/p>\n
Daha sonraki a\u015famalarda kimya bilimine temel te\u015fkil edecek olan pratik simyac\u0131lar, deneme yan\u0131lma yoluyla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fckleri i\u00e7in ve belli bir sistematik temelleri olmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, simya bilimsellikten uzakt\u0131r.
\nEpik\u00fcr (M.\u00d6. 347-270); Demokritin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini, antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck iki devi Platon ve Aristo\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ate\u015fli bir pi\u00e7imde savundu. Epik\u00fcr; evrenin atomlar ve onlar\u0131n hareketinden olu\u015ftu\u011funu savundu.
\n721-815) Ebu Musa Cabir ibn-i Hayyan : Avrupa’da \u201cGeber\u201d ad\u0131yla bilinir. Cabir \u0130slam felsefesini \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na yans\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Cabir, metal ve mineralleri canl\u0131 sayarak, zaman i\u00e7inde olgunla\u015f\u0131p k\u0131vama geleceklerini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re; tuzlar, vitriyoller, sap ve k\u00fck\u00fcrt bir y\u0131lda, t\u00fcm metaller birka\u00e7 y\u0131lda, de\u011ferli ta\u015flar ise bir y\u00fczy\u0131lda olgunla\u015f\u0131rlar
\nB M\u0130ST\u0130K S\u0130MYA (ezoterik) : Ezoterik simya insan\u0131n i\u00e7ine y\u00f6nelmesi, safla\u015fmas\u0131 esas\u0131na dayan\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar safla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131k olan maddeden s\u0131yr\u0131la bilirler. Ezoterik simyada ama\u00e7 felsefe ta\u015f\u0131na ula\u015fmakt\u0131r. Filizof ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak gizli gizemli re\u00e7etelerle de\u011fersiz ta\u015f\u0131 alt\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi insanlar\u0131 da i\u00e7e do\u011fru derinle\u015ftirerek \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck iksirini bulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcm insanlar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnde tanr\u0131dan bir par\u00e7a vard\u0131r. En de\u011ferli hazine kendi v\u00fccudunun merkezindedir. \u0130\u00e7ine do\u011fru derinle\u015f ki, tanr\u0131sal olan\u0131 bulas\u0131n. \u0130nsan\u0131n ruhu tanr\u0131yla birle\u015fti\u011fine g\u00f6re, ruh \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz d\u00fcr. Anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi simyac\u0131lar bir nevi filizoflard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ebubekir Muhammed bin Zekeriya el Razi (864-923): Latinlerde Albubator , Avrupa biliminde Rhases adlar\u0131yla tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. El Razi, maddeci ve ak\u0131lc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere dayanarak, Cabir’in gizemci al\u015fimisine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Maddenin atomlar ve bo\u015fluktan olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcne dayanarak, uzayda atomlar ne kadar s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k k\u00fcmelenirlerse, olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 maddenin de o kadar yo\u011fun olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hava, su ve toprak \u00f6rnekleriyle ortaya koymu\u015ftur.
\nEl Razi, simyac\u0131lar\u0131n de\u011ferli metalleri elde etme u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karak, \u201c\u00e7e\u015fitli yollarla sarart\u0131lan ya da beyazlat\u0131lan maddelerin Alt\u0131n ve G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f olamayacaklar\u0131n\u0131, yani boyamayla hi\u00e7bir maddenin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015femeyece\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Empedokles (M.\u00d6. 483-423) ; Empedokles, bu g\u00fcne kadar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsedilen \u00fc\u00e7 elemente (su, hava ve ate\u015f) birde topra\u011f\u0131 ekler. Bu d\u00f6rt maddenin \u00e7e\u015fitli oranlarda birle\u015fmesiyle di\u011fer maddelerin olu\u015ftu\u011funu, ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla da maddelerin de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini savunur. Empedokles, \u201cevrendeki hi\u00e7 bir \u015feyin yok olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sadece d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (k\u00fctlenin koruma kanunu) savunur.\u201d Simya, bir safla\u015ft\u0131rma sanat\u0131d\u0131r. Simyac\u0131lara g\u00f6re \u201cmadde; hastad\u0131r … Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,15],"tags":[1007,1008,1009,1006],"class_list":["post-3212","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dn","category-fen-teknoloji","tag-kimya","tag-mistik-kimya","tag-peratik-simya","tag-simya"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3212","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3212"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3212\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3212"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3212"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3212"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}