{"id":260,"date":"2009-01-01T20:48:32","date_gmt":"2009-01-01T18:48:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/?p=260"},"modified":"2009-01-01T20:48:32","modified_gmt":"2009-01-01T18:48:32","slug":"tolunogullari-beyligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/tolunogullari-beyligi.html","title":{"rendered":"Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi<\/strong><\/span>
\nDokuzuncu as\u0131rda M\u0131s\u0131r ve Suriye\u2019ye h\u00e2kim olan T\u00fcrk-\u0130sl\u00e2m devletlerinden.<\/p>\n

Tolunlular, \u0130sl\u00e2m halifeli\u011fi topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kurulan ilk m\u00fcstakil T\u00fcrk siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kurucusu, O\u011fuz T\u00fcrklerinden Ahmed bin Tolun idi. Halifelik merkezi, Ba\u011fdat yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki, Samarra\u2019da bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n

Ahmed\u2019in babas\u0131 Tolun, Abb\u00e2si Halifesi El-Mu\u2019tas\u0131m (838-842) zaman\u0131nda, cesareti ve bilgisiyle \u015f\u00f6hret yapm\u0131\u015f bir z\u00e2tt\u0131. Ahmed de ayn\u0131 derecede cesur ve bilgili bir \u015fahsiyetti. Abbasi valisinin vekili olarak M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a geldi. M\u0131s\u0131r valisi oldu. N\u00fcfuzunu Filistin ve Suriye\u2019ye kadar geni\u015fletti. \u00dclkesinde imar faaliyetlerinde bulunup, l\u00fczumlu asker\u00ee tedbirleri alarak, kuvvetli bir ordu kurdu. Abbasiler, Irak\u2019taki zenci esirlerle me\u015fgul olurken, istikl\u00e2lini ilan etti (868).<\/p>\n

Ahmed bin Tolun, M\u0131s\u0131r maliyesinde \u0131slahat yapt\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r ahalisini darl\u0131ktan kurtarmas\u0131 sebebiyle \u00e7ok sevilip, tutuldu. K\u0131sa zamanda \u015e>, Halep, Antakya \u015fehirleriyle birlikte Suriye\u2019yi idaresine ald\u0131. Adana ve Tarsus b\u00f6lgesini de \u00fclkesine ba\u011flad\u0131. Ahmed bin Tolun\u2019un 884\u2019te vefat\u0131yla, yerine, o\u011flu Hum\u00e2reveyh ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

Hum\u00e2reveyh (884-896) zaman\u0131nda, Toluno\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n ikbali daha da parlad\u0131. Devletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131; Toroslar, El-Cezire ve Irak\u2019a kadar geni\u015fledi. 892\u2019de yeni Abbas\u00ee halifesi olan El-Mu\u2019tezid, hil\u00e2fete geli\u015finde Hum\u00e2reveyh ve onun v\u00e2rislerine, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz bin dinar vergi mukabilinde, otuz y\u0131l s\u00fcreyle, M\u0131s\u0131r ile Toros s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131na kadar Suriye\u2019yi ve Musul hari\u00e7, El-Cezire\u2019yi verdi. Antla\u015fma, daha sonra, Tolunlular\u0131n \u00e7ok az lehine olacak \u015fekilde yeniden tanzim edildi. Hum\u00e2reveyh, k\u0131z\u0131 Kadr-\u00fcn-Ned\u00e2\u2019y\u0131, Abbas\u00ee halifesine, destanla\u015fan bir merasimle verdi. Hum\u00e2reveyh, Suriye\u2019ye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sefer s\u0131ras\u0131nda, k\u00f6leleri taraf\u0131ndan, otuz iki ya\u015f\u0131ndayken \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc (896). Hum\u00e2raveyh\u2019in gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 Devleti ve M\u0131s\u0131r i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir talihsizlik oldu.<\/p>\n

Yerine ge\u00e7en o\u011flu ve karde\u015fleri, istiklallerini koruyamad\u0131lar. Suriye \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcndeki sap\u0131k Karmatileri kontrol edememeleri, halifenin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ordu g\u00f6ndermesine sebep oldu. M\u0131s\u0131r ve di\u011fer \u00fclkeleri, Abbasi Halifesi El-Muktefi\u2019nin kumandan\u0131 Muhammed bin S\u00fcleyman taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilerek, b\u00f6lge valilerinin idaresine verildi. Toluno\u011flu hanedan\u0131 mensuplar\u0131, Ba\u011fdat\u2019a >\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc (905).<\/p>\n

Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 zaman\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r, alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131. \u0130ktisad\u00ee ve ticar\u00ee bak\u0131mdan geli\u015fip zenginle\u015fti. Halk\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcndeki a\u011f\u0131r mal\u00ee y\u00fckler kald\u0131r\u0131larak refah seviyesi y\u00fckseltildi.\u0130mar faaliyetlerinde bulunulup, b\u00fcy\u00fck mimar\u00ee eserler yap\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir donanma kuruldu. Ahmed bin Tolun, Kahire yak\u0131nlar\u0131na Fust\u00e2t \u015fehrini in\u015fa ettirip, buray\u0131 ba\u015f\u015fehir yapt\u0131. Tolunlulardan kalma Toluno\u011flu Ahmed Camii, 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yap\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00e7e\u015fitli istil\u00e2 ve zaman\u0131n tahribat\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, h\u00e2l\u00e2 ibadete a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Toluno\u011flu Ahmed Camii yan\u0131nda, vak\u0131f olarak hastane, eczane ve iki de hamam vard\u0131. Yeni in\u015fa edilen Fust\u00e2t ve El-Ket\u00e2\u2019i\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n saray\u0131 etraf\u0131nda, kumandanlar\u0131n konaklar\u0131; iktisad\u00ee, ticar\u00ee ve sosyal hayat\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmez m\u00fcesseseleri olan pek \u00e7ok cami, \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131, han, hamam, de\u011firmen ve f\u0131r\u0131n vard\u0131. El-Ket\u00e2\u2019i\u2019de asker\u00ee isk\u00e2n, milliyetlere g\u00f6reydi. Her kavmin mahalleri ayr\u0131yd\u0131. Tolunlular ordusunun mevcudu, y\u00fcz bine yakla\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Ordu, T\u00fcrk ve Sudanl\u0131lardan meydana gelirdi. Ordunun k\u0131\u015flalar\u0131, kumandanlar\u0131n konaklar\u0131 etraf\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 devrinde M\u0131s\u0131r, ba\u015fta edeb\u00ee, tarih\u00ee, d\u00een\u00ee ve felsef\u00ee ilimler olmak \u00fczere muhtelif ilim sahalar\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fme g\u00f6sterdi. \u0130lme ve \u00e2limlere \u00f6nem veren emirlerin evleri, birer ilim merkezi h\u00e2lindeydi. Toluno\u011flu h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131, halka kar\u015f\u0131 c\u00f6mert davrand\u0131klar\u0131ndan, \u015fair ve edipler, onlar\u0131n ihsanlar\u0131na nail olmak i\u00e7in etraflar\u0131na toplanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu devirde Arap dili ve edebiyat\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan El-Velid bin Muhammed et-Tem\u00eem\u00ee, Ahmed bin C\u00e2fer ed-Dinever\u00ee ile tefsir, hadis, f\u0131k\u0131h ve k\u0131raat ilimlerinde Kad\u0131 Bekkar bin Kuteybe, Debi bin S\u00fcleym\u00e2n el-Mur\u00e2d\u00ee ve Eb\u00fb C\u00e2fer Tahav\u00ee, b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan \u00e2limlerin ileri gelenlerindendiler.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Toluno\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi Dokuzuncu as\u0131rda M\u0131s\u0131r ve Suriye\u2019ye h\u00e2kim olan T\u00fcrk-\u0130sl\u00e2m devletlerinden. Tolunlular, \u0130sl\u00e2m halifeli\u011fi topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kurulan ilk m\u00fcstakil T\u00fcrk siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kurucusu, O\u011fuz T\u00fcrklerinden Ahmed bin Tolun idi. Halifelik merkezi, Ba\u011fdat yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki, Samarra\u2019da bulunuyordu. Ahmed\u2019in babas\u0131 Tolun, Abb\u00e2si Halifesi El-Mu\u2019tas\u0131m (838-842) zaman\u0131nda, cesareti ve bilgisiyle \u015f\u00f6hret yapm\u0131\u015f bir z\u00e2tt\u0131. Ahmed de ayn\u0131 derecede cesur … Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,26],"tags":[50,28,48],"class_list":["post-260","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dn","category-tarih","tag-anla","tag-antlasma","tag-daha"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/260","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=260"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/260\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=260"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=260"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=260"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}