{"id":1834,"date":"2010-04-08T17:52:14","date_gmt":"2010-04-08T15:52:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/?p=1834"},"modified":"2010-04-08T17:52:19","modified_gmt":"2010-04-08T15:52:19","slug":"osmanli-devletinde-devlet-yonetimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/osmanli-devletinde-devlet-yonetimi.html","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde Devlet Y\u00f6netimi"},"content":{"rendered":"

A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 MERKEZ\u0130 Y\u00d6NET\u0130M<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti merkeziyet\u00e7i ve mutlak otoriteye dayal\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile y\u00f6netiliyordu. Devletin ba\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 hanedan\u0131ndan gelen Padi\u015fah <\/strong>bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Egemenlik Allah ad\u0131na padi\u015faha aitti. Bu nedenle b\u00fct\u00fcn yetkiler padi\u015fahta toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Padi\u015fahlar, Bey<\/a>, Gazi, H\u00fcnkar, H\u00fcdavendigar <\/strong>ve Sultan<\/a><\/strong> gibi unvanlar kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Padi\u015fahlar, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k alameti olarak kendi adlar\u0131na hutbe okutup, para bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Padi\u015fah aday\u0131 \u015fehzadeler, yeti\u015fmeleri i\u00e7in san\u00adcaklara g\u00f6nderilirlerdi. Buna “Sanca\u011fa \u00c7\u0131kma” <\/strong>denilirdi. Devlet y\u00f6netiminde tecr\u00fcbe kazanmala\u00adr\u0131 i\u00e7in gittikleri sancaklarda yanlar\u0131na “Lala” <\/strong>ad\u0131 verilen tecr\u00fcbeli devlet adamlar\u0131 verilirdi.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I. Ahmet 1603 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu uygulamay\u0131 kald\u0131rarak “Kafes Usul\u00fc”n\u00fc <\/strong>getirdi. Bu tarihten itibaren \u015fehzadeler sarayda yeti\u015ftirilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I. Ahmet devrine kadar Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde pa\u00addi\u015fah \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman yerine kimin ge\u00e7ece\u011fi belir\u00adlenmemi\u015fti. Her \u015fehzadenin padi\u015fah olma hakk\u0131 bulundu\u011fundan bu durum \u015fehzadeler aras\u0131nda taht kavgalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I. Ahmet 1603’te Ekber <\/strong>ve Er\u015fed <\/strong>(b\u00fcy\u00fck ve ak\u0131l\u00adl\u0131) olan\u0131n tahta ge\u00e7mesi kural\u0131n\u0131 getirdi. B\u00f6ylece taht kavgalar\u0131 ve karde\u015f katliam\u0131 \u00f6nlendi.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yavuz Sultan Selim’in M\u0131s\u0131r Seferi (1517) ile Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda halife <\/strong>oldu\u00adlar.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Padi\u015fah\u0131n yetkileri ilk kez ayanlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Sened-i \u0130ttifak <\/strong>ile k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131. Tanzimat Ferman\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

ile Osmanl\u0131\u00a0 Devleti’nde hukuk devleti\u00a0 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1876 Kanun-u Esasi <\/strong>ile padi\u015fah\u0131n yetkileri ilk kez anayasa ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131.<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Divan, devlet i\u015flerinin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclerek karara ba\u011f\u00adland\u0131\u011f\u0131 en y\u00fcksek kuruldu. Divan te\u015fkilat\u0131 Orhan Bey <\/strong>zaman\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur. II. Mahmut yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131slahatlar s\u0131ras\u0131nda Divan\u0131 kald\u0131rarak yerine Ba\u00adkanlar Kurulu’nu <\/strong>kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Divan, padi\u015fah i\u00e7in dan\u0131\u015fma meclisi <\/strong>niteli\u011finde\u00addir. Divan\u0131n iki \u00f6zelli\u011fi vard\u0131r, hem y\u00f6netim kuru\u00admudur hem de en y\u00fcksek mahkemedir.<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

Divan \u00fcyeleri ve g\u00f6revleri \u015funlard\u0131r;<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Padi\u015fah <\/strong>: Padi\u015fahlar Fatih’e kadar (1475) diva\u00adn\u0131n ba\u015fkan\u0131 idiler. Fatih’ten sonra padi\u015fahlar di\u00advan toplant\u0131lar\u0131na kat\u0131lmad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vezir-i Azam (sadrazam)<\/strong>: Padi\u015fah\u0131n mutlak vekili olup g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Ba\u015fbakan’ <\/strong>in konu\u00admundad\u0131r. Padi\u015fah m\u00fchr\u00fcn\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131r, padi\u015fah ad\u0131na tayin ve terfiler yapar ve devlet i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrd\u00fc. Sadrazamlar padi\u015fah yerine sefere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 za\u00adman “Serdar-\u0131 Ekrem<\/a>“(B\u00fcy\u00fck Asker) <\/strong>unvan\u0131 al\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vezirler<\/strong>: G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Devlet Bakanlar\u0131 <\/strong>konu\u00admunda olan vezirler daha \u00e7ok askeri ve siyasi i\u015flerden sorumlu idiler. Tecr\u00fcbeli birer devlet adam\u0131 olup vezir-i azam\u0131n yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 idiler. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e say\u0131lar\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kazaskerler<\/strong>: Anadolu ve Rumeli<\/a> Kazaskeri ol\u00admak \u00fczere say\u0131lar\u0131 ikidir. Adalet, e\u011fitim, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve diyanet i\u015flerine bakarlard\u0131. Divandaki b\u00fcy\u00fck da\u00advalara bakan kazaskerler ayr\u0131ca kad\u0131 ve m\u00fcder\u00adrislerin (profes\u00f6r) tayin ve terfilerine bakarlard\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki hem Milli E\u011fitim hem Adalet Bakan\u0131 konumundayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Defterdarlar<\/strong>: G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Maliye Bakan\u0131’ <\/strong>n\u0131n konumunda olan defterdarlar, devletin b\u00fct\u00fcn mali i\u015flerinden sorumludur. Anadolu ve Rumeli def\u00adterdarlar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere say\u0131lar\u0131 ikidir.<\/p>\n

6.<\/strong> Ni\u015fanc\u0131<\/strong>: Protokol, yaz\u0131 ve tapu i\u015flerinde so\u00adrumlu idi. Padi\u015fah ad\u0131na yaz\u0131lan ferman, berat ve di\u011fer belgelere padi\u015fah\u0131n tu\u011fras\u0131n\u0131 (imzas\u0131n\u0131) \u00e7ekerdi. Os\u00admanl\u0131 kanunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi bilen ni\u015fanc\u0131lar gerekti\u00ad\u011fi zaman Divana bilgi verirlerdi.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bu g\u00f6revlilerden ba\u015fka 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren di\u00advan \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda din i\u015flerinden sorumlu M\u00fcf\u00adt\u00fc <\/strong>(\u015eeyh\u00fclislam), donanmadan sorumlu Kaptan-\u0131 Derya<\/a> <\/strong>ve d\u0131\u015f i\u015flerinden sorumlu Reis’\u00fcl K\u00fcttap <\/strong>da kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 TA\u015eRA Y\u00d6NET\u0130M\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde, fetihlerle topraklar\u0131n geni\u015flemesi \u00fczerine \u00fclke y\u00f6netimini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00fclke eya\u00adletlere, <\/strong>eyaletler sancaklara, <\/strong>sancaklar kazalara <\/strong>ve kazalar da k\u00f6ylere <\/strong>ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Eyaletler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eyaletler idari bak\u0131mdan kendi i\u00e7inde \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

1 Merkeze Ba\u011fl\u0131 Eyaletler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Merkeze ba\u011fl\u0131 eyaletler Anadolu <\/strong>ve Rumeli Beyler\u00adbeyli\u011fi <\/strong>olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131yordu. Merkeze ba\u011fl\u0131 eyaletleri Beylerbeyi <\/strong>y\u00f6netiyordu. Bu eyaletlerin halk\u0131 daha \u00e7ok M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrklerden olu\u015fuyordu.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00d6zel Y\u00f6netimi Olan Eyaletler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trablusgarp, Cezayir, Tunus, M\u0131s\u0131r, Basra, Ba\u011fdat, Habe\u015f, Yemen <\/strong>gibi eyaletlerdir. Bu eyaletlerden y\u0131ll\u0131k belirli bir vergi al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Dirlik Sistemi uygulan\u00admamaktad\u0131r. Bu eyaletlerin vergi gelirleri a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rma yoluyla M\u00fcltezim <\/strong>ad\u0131 verilen \u015fah\u0131slar taraf\u0131ndan topla\u00adn\u0131rd\u0131 (iltizam us\u00fbl\u00fc).<\/strong><\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130mtiyazl\u0131 Eyaletler (Ba\u011fl\u0131 Beylikler)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7 i\u015flerinde serbest, d\u0131\u015f i\u015flerinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne ba\u011fl\u0131 Eflak, Bo\u011fdan, K\u0131r\u0131m <\/strong>ve Erdel <\/strong>gibi eyaletlerdir. Bu eyaletler Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne vergi \u00f6derler, gerekti\u00ad\u011finde orduya asker g\u00f6nderirlerdi.<\/p>\n

\"Reblog<\/a>
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