{"id":1819,"date":"2010-04-08T17:40:05","date_gmt":"2010-04-08T15:40:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/?p=1819"},"modified":"2010-04-08T17:40:09","modified_gmt":"2010-04-08T15:40:09","slug":"beylikler-donemi-kultur-ve-medeniyet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/beylikler-donemi-kultur-ve-medeniyet.html","title":{"rendered":"Beylikler D\u00f6nemi K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Medeniyet"},"content":{"rendered":"

A. DEVLET Y<\/strong>\u00d6<\/strong>NET<\/strong>\u0130<\/strong>M<\/strong>\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131nda devletin ba\u015f\u0131nda Sultan<\/a> <\/strong>ad\u0131 verilen h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar bulunurdu. \u015eehzadelerin yeti\u015fme\u00adsine \u00f6nem verilirdi. \u015eehzadelere Melik <\/strong>ad\u0131 verilirdi. Meliklerin en iyi \u015fekilde yeti\u015fmesi i\u00e7in Atabey <\/strong>ad\u0131 ve\u00adrilen tecr\u00fcbeli devlet adamlar\u0131 g\u00f6revlendirilirdi.<\/p>\n

Devlet <\/strong>y\u00f6netiminde birinci derecede h\u00fck\u00fcmdar so\u00adrumlu idi. Devlet i\u015fleri Divanda <\/strong>g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Divana h\u00fck\u00fcmdar veya vezir ba\u015fkanl\u0131k ederdi.<\/p>\n

\u00dclke y\u00f6netim bak\u0131m\u0131ndan eyaletlere ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Eyaletle\u00adre y\u00f6netici olarak Melik (<\/strong>\u015e<\/strong>ehzade) <\/strong>veya vali atan\u0131rd\u0131. Eyaletlerde askerlik i\u015flerine Suba<\/strong>\u015f\u0131<\/strong>lar, <\/strong>adalet i\u015flerine de Kad<\/strong>\u0131<\/strong>lar <\/strong>bakard\u0131.<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131rlarda yar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z u\u00e7 beyleri vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Anadolu beyliklerinde de devlet y\u00f6netimi Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131na benzerdi.<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ORDU<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti<\/a>‘nde ordu \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u00ad\u015fuyordu.<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hassa askerleri <\/strong>: Do\u011frudan h\u00fck\u00fcmdara ba\u011fl\u0131 olup maa\u015fl\u0131 askerlerdir.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130<\/strong>kta askerleri <\/strong>: Kendilerine maa\u015f kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 toprak verilen devlet memurlar\u0131 ve komutanlar\u0131n yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi askerlerdir.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>rkmenler<\/strong>: S\u0131n\u0131r boylar\u0131nda bulunan u\u00e7 beyle\u00adrinin askerleridir.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca Emir-<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>l Sevahil <\/strong>denilen deniz komutanlar\u0131n\u0131n denetiminde donanma g\u00fcc\u00fc de olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Beyliklerin askeri kuvvetleri genelde boy veya a\u015firetlerin kuvvetleri idi.<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

C.\u00a0 SOSYAL VE EKONOM<\/strong>\u0130<\/strong>K HAYAT<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Halk \u015f<\/strong>ehirli, k<\/strong>\u00f6<\/strong>yl<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong> <\/strong>ve g<\/strong>\u00f6\u00e7<\/strong>ebe <\/strong>olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. G\u00f6\u00e7ebeler hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler tar\u0131m, \u015fehirlerde ya\u015fayanlar ise ticaret ve zanaat ile u\u011f\u00adra\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u015eehirlerde ya\u015fayan esnaf ve sanatkarlar bir ara\u00adya gelerek dini ve ekonomik bir tarikat olan ahilik te<\/strong>\u015f<\/strong>kilat<\/strong>\u0131<\/strong>n<\/strong>\u0131<\/strong> <\/strong>olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. Her meslek grubu bir loncaya <\/strong>sahipti. Loncalar, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir mesleki dayan\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6sterirlerdi.<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

D. TOPRAK<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131nda toprak devletin mal\u0131 sa\u00ady\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. D\u00f6rde ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Has arazisi:<\/strong> Gelirleri h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ve ailesine ait olan topraklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2. <\/strong>\u0130<\/strong>kta arazisi: <\/strong>H\u00fck\u00fcmdar ve ailesine, devlet adamlar\u0131na ve sipahilere maa\u015f kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilen arazi\u00adlerdir.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vak<\/strong>\u0131<\/strong>f arazisi: <\/strong>\u00c7e\u015fitli hay\u0131r, bilim ve sosyal ku\u00adrumlar i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lan ve ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanan arazilerdi.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>lk arazileri<\/strong>: \u015eah\u0131slara ait olan arazilerdir. Toprak sahibi miras olarak b\u0131rakabilirdi.<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

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E. T\u0130CARET<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131nda ticaret \u00f6nemli bir ge\u00e7im kay\u00adna\u011f\u0131 idi.<\/p>\n

Ticareti geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00fcccarlar\u0131n konaklamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in han ve kervansa\u00adraylar yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcccarlara g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisinde indirim yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 E\u015fk\u0131ya ve korsanlar\u0131n bask\u0131nlar\u0131ndan zarar g\u00f6ren t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n zararlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 gibi tedbirler alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hastalar\u0131n tedavisi i\u00e7in dar\u00fc\u015f\u015fifalar(hastaneler), yoksul ve kimse\u00adsizlerin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in imarethaneler <\/strong>(a\u015fevleri) a\u00e7m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

F.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YAZI, D<\/strong>\u0130<\/strong>L, E<\/strong>\u011e\u0130<\/strong>T<\/strong>\u0130<\/strong>M ve EDEB<\/strong>\u0130<\/strong>YAT<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’nde resmi dil ve edebiyat dili Fars<\/strong>\u00e7<\/strong>a <\/strong>idi. Halk ve beylikler T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/a> konu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

E\u011fitimin temel kurumlar\u0131 medreselerdir. <\/strong>Anadolu’da ilk medrese Niksar’da Dani\u015fmentliler taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 da medreseleri yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde yeti\u015fmi\u015f, Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi, Hac\u0131bekta\u015f-\u0131 Veli ve Yunus Emre bir\u00e7ok eserler b\u0131\u00adrakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

G. B<\/strong>\u0130<\/strong>L<\/strong>\u0130<\/strong>M ve SANAT<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 ve beylikler bilimin geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. Bir\u00e7ok medrese a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu medreselerde hem din<\/strong>\u00ee<\/strong> bilimler <\/strong>(Kur’an, tefsir, hadis, kelam, f\u0131k\u0131h, siyer gibi) hem de m<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>sbet bilimler <\/strong>(ma\u00adtematik, t\u0131p, felsefe, co\u011frafya, tarih, sosyoloji ve g\u00f6k bilimleri) de okutuluyordu.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkler Anadolu’ya yerle\u015ftikten sonra Anadolu’nun imar\u0131 i\u00e7in Anadolu’yu eserlerle donatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ticaret yollar\u0131 \u00fczerine hanlar <\/strong>ve kervansaraylar, <\/strong>\u015fehirlere cami, medrese, k<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>mbet, t<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>rbe, han, hamam, dar<\/strong>\u00fc\u015f\u015f<\/strong>ifa <\/strong> ve a<\/strong>\u015f<\/strong>evleri <\/strong>gibi bir \u00e7ok eserler yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131ndan ve beylikler d\u00f6neminden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kalan baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli tarihi eser\u00adler \u015funlard\u0131r;<\/p>\n

Konya<\/a>‘daki Alaaddin Cami, S<\/strong>\u0131<\/strong>r<\/strong>\u00e7<\/strong>al<\/strong>\u0131<\/strong> Medrese, Sultan Han<\/strong>\u0131<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u0130<\/strong>nce Minare, Karatay Medresesi, <\/strong>Kayseri<\/a>‘deki \u00c7<\/strong>ifte K<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>mbet, D<\/strong>\u00f6<\/strong>ner K<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>mbet, Ulu Cami <\/strong>ve Dar<\/strong>\u00fc\u015f\u015f<\/strong>ifa, <\/strong>Aksaray<\/a>‘da Sultan Han<\/strong>\u0131<\/strong>, <\/strong>Sivas<\/a>‘ta G<\/strong>\u00f6<\/strong>k Medrese, <\/strong>Erzurum<\/a>‘da \u00c7<\/strong>ifte Minare <\/strong>gibi. Ayr\u0131ca oymac<\/strong>\u0131<\/strong>l<\/strong>\u0131<\/strong>k, nakka<\/strong>\u015f<\/strong>l<\/strong>\u0131<\/strong>k, minyat<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>r, hat, kakma\u00adc<\/strong>\u0131<\/strong>l<\/strong>\u0131<\/strong>k, hal<\/strong>\u0131<\/strong> <\/strong>ve kilim dokumac<\/strong>\u0131<\/strong>l<\/strong>\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>, maden i<\/strong>\u015f\u00e7<\/strong>ili<\/strong>\u011f<\/strong>i <\/strong>de geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"Reblog<\/a>
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