{"id":1669,"date":"2010-03-16T21:38:27","date_gmt":"2010-03-16T19:38:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/?p=1669"},"modified":"2010-03-16T21:38:27","modified_gmt":"2010-03-16T19:38:27","slug":"islem-konusuyla-ugrasmis-matematikciler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/islem-konusuyla-ugrasmis-matematikciler.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0130\u015flem Konusuyla U\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015f Matematik\u00e7iler"},"content":{"rendered":"

AL\u0130 KU\u015eCU<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131 astronomi ve matematik alimleri aras\u0131nda, ortaya koydu\u011fu eserleriyle hakl\u0131 bir \u015f\u00f6hrete sahip Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u, Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrklerinde, astronominin \u00f6nde gelen bilgini say\u0131l\u0131r. “Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 onu 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yeti\u015fen m\u00fcstesna bir alim olarak tan\u0131r.” \u00d6yle ki; m\u00fcste\u015frik W .Barlhold, Ali Ku\u015fcu’yu “On Be\u015finci Y\u00fczy\u0131l Batlamyos’u” olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Babas\u0131, Ulu\u011f Bey’in ku\u015fcu ba\u015f\u0131s\u0131 (do\u011fanc\u0131ba\u015f\u0131) idi. Ku\u015f\u00e7u soyad\u0131 babas\u0131ndan gelmektedir. As\u0131l ad\u0131 Ali Bin Muhammet’tir. Do\u011fum yeri Mavera\u00fcnnehir b\u00f6lgesi oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fse de, ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en b\u00f6lgenin hangi \u015fehrinde ve hangi y\u0131lda do\u011fdu\u011fu kesinlikle bilinmektedir. <\/p>\n

Ancak do\u011fum \u015fehri Semerkant, do\u011fum y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ise 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk d\u00f6rtte biri i\u00e7erisinde oldu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. 16 Aral\u0131k 1474 (h. 7 \u015eaban 879) tarihinde \u0130stanbul’da \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olup, mezar\u0131 Ey\u00fcp Sultan T\u00fcrbesi hareminde bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00fcm tarihi; torunu me\u015fhur astronom Mirim \u00c7elebi’nin (\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Edirne 1525) Frans\u00e7a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir eserin incelenmesi sonucu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mezar yerinin 1819 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar belirli oldu\u011fu ve h\u00fcsn\u00fc muhafazas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131; ancak 1819 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra, Ali Ku\u015fcu’ya ait mezar\u0131n yerine, zaman\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fcfuzlu bir devlet adam\u0131n\u0131n mezar ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n konmu\u015f oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ulu\u011f Bey’in Horasan ve Mavera\u00fcnnehir h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Semerkant’ta ilk ve dini \u00f6\u011frenimini tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015fta iken astronomi ve matemati\u011fe geni\u015f ilgi duymu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n

Devrinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilginlerinden; Ulu\u011f Bey , Bursal\u0131 Kad\u0131zade Rumi, G\u0131yasedd\u00fcn Cem\u015fid ve Mu’in al-Din el-Ka\u015fi’den astronomi ve matematik dersi alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6nce,Ulu\u011f Bey, taraf\u0131ndan 1421 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Semerkant Rasathanesi ilk m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc, G\u0131yasedd\u00fcn Cem\u015fid’in, k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra da Rasathanenin ikinci m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Kad\u0131zade Rumi’nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine, Ulu\u011f Bey Rasathane-ye m\u00fcd\u00fcr olarak Ali Ku\u015fcu’yu g\u00f6revlendirmi\u015ftir. Ulu\u011f Bey Ziyc’inin tamamlanmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck eme\u011fi ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Nasir\u00fcdd\u00fcn Tusi’nin Tecrid-\u00fcl Kelam adl\u0131 eserine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015ferh, bu konuda da gayret ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00fczel delilini te\u015fkil etmektedir. Ebu Said Han’a ithaf edilen bu \u015ferh, Ali Ku\u015fcu’nun ilk \u015f\u00f6hretinin duyulmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Kaynaklar\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi sonucu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ki; Ali Ku\u015fcu yaln\u0131z telih eseriyle de\u011fil, talim ve ir\u015fad\u0131yle devrini a\u015fan bir bilgin olarak tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki; telif eserlerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, torunu Mirim \u00c7elebi, Hoca Sinan Pa\u015fa ve Molla L\u00fctfi (Sar\u0131 L\u00fctfi) gibi astronomlar\u0131n da yeti\u015fmesine sebep olmu\u015ftur. Bu bilginlerle beraber, Ali Ku\u015fcu’yu eski astronominin en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilginlerinden birisi olarak belirtebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Alan TURING<\/strong>
\n \u0130ngiliz matematik\u00e7i (1912 – 1954). Alan Turing bilgisayar alan\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fclerindendir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde “Turing makinesi” ve “Turing testi” ile an\u0131l\u0131r. Matematiksel algoritmay\u0131 dijital bilgisayarlara uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 yapay zeka alan\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve makineler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkisinde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zekas\u0131 ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc onun bilgi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6n s\u0131ralara ad\u0131m atmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Matematik kariyerine 1931’de Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi’ndeki King Koleji’nde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada \u00f6\u011fretim g\u00f6revlisi oldu ve buradan Princeton \u00dcniversitesi’ne tayin edildi. Bu zamanlar onun sonradan “Turing makinesi ” diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan makineyi ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlard\u0131. Turing dijital bilgisayar kavram\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir. Turing makinesini g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ki \u00e7ok ama\u00e7l\u0131 bilgisayarlar\u0131n ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tasavvur ederek yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir ve
\ns\u0131f\u0131rlardan olu\u015fmu\u015f seriyi teyp den okuyabilen bir makine tasarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu birler ve s\u0131f\u0131rlar problem par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeye ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan ad\u0131mlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlar. Turing makinesi b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ad\u0131mlar\u0131 okur ve ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k olarak yapar. O b\u00fct\u00fcn problemler i\u00e7in bir algoritma geli\u015ftirilebilece\u011fine inan\u0131rd\u0131. II. d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Turing bilgisini ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya’n\u0131n Haberle\u015fme b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde kulland\u0131. Almanlar\u0131n haberle\u015fmede kulland\u0131klar\u0131 kodlar\u0131 de\u015fifre etmek i\u00e7in matematiksel becerisini kulland\u0131. Bu \u00f6zellikle zor bir i\u015fti, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Almanlar Enigma (anla\u015f\u0131lmaz) ad\u0131nda bir bilgisayar teybi geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdi. O zaman\u0131n kod \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcleri, bunu \u00e7\u00f6zecek bir yap\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesini imkans\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Bu haberle\u015fme merkezinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcddet\u00e7e Turing ve asistanlar\u0131 COLOSSUS isimli makinayla u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. COLOSSUS h\u0131zl\u0131 ve verimli bir \u015fekilde Almanlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan enigman\u0131n kodunu \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fc. Sonu\u00e7ta COLOSSUS ger\u00e7ekten servomotorlar ve metalden olu\u015fuyordu fakat, bu dijital bilgisayarlara ge\u00e7i\u015fin ilk ad\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131. <\/p>\n

\u0130kinci d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra Turing NPL (National Physical Laboratory) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in gitti ve dijital bilgisayarlar \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam etti. Otomatik bilgisayar motorlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, do\u011fru dijital bilgisayar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 konusundaki ilk te\u015febb\u00fcslerden biriydi. Bu durumda do\u011fa ile bilgisayarlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi incelemeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve “Ak\u0131ll\u0131 makineler” ad\u0131nda sonradan 1969’da bas\u0131lan yaz\u0131y\u0131 kaleme ald\u0131. Bu yapay zeka kavram\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk zamanlardan biriydi. Turing zeki makinelerin insan beyninin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 tasar\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131larak olu\u015fturulabilece\u011fine inan\u0131rd\u0131. 1950’de “Turing testi” diye bilinen bir makale yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Test bir kimsenin klavye arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bir insana ve bir zeki makineye soru sormas\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bir\u00e7ok iddia ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ama ne t\u00fcr olursa olsun O \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ve ger\u00e7ekten Turing bilgisayar alan\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fcklerinden biriydi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bilgisayar bilimcileri hala onun makalelerinden yararlanmaktad\u0131rlar… <\/p>\n

Arthur CAYLEY
\n\u0130ngiliz matematik\u00e7i (1821 – 1895).<\/strong>
\n 8 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar Rusya’n\u0131n Saint Petrsburg \u015fehrinde ya\u015fad\u0131 ve ailesi ile birlikte Londra’ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve Kraliyet Koleji’ne ve Londra \u00dcniversitesi’ne gitti. \u00dcniversite kariyerine, Cambridge’deki Trinity Koleji’nde ba\u015flad\u0131. Hukuk \u00fczerine de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Cayley, matematiksel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ve bas\u0131lan 200’\u00fcn \u00fczerindeki makalesine daha \u00e7ok vakit ay\u0131rd\u0131. \u00dcniversitedeki stat\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finden sonra, Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi’nde soyut matematik \u00fczerine profes\u00f6r oldu. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na James Josef Sylvester ile devam etmi\u015f ve birbirlerinin eksik y\u00f6nlerini tamamlad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok uyumlu bir ikili olmu\u015flard\u0131r. En \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 cebirsel de\u011fi\u015fmezler \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. De\u011fi\u015fmezler kavram\u0131 modern fizik, \u00f6zellikle r\u00f6lativite teorisi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Cayley’in di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, y\u00fcksek boyutlu uzaylar \u00fczerinedir. \u00d6klit olmayan uzay geometrisinde, Klein’in bulu\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in yollar haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Profes\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131nda, bayanlar\u0131n y\u00fcksek e\u011fitimde yer al\u0131p, almamas\u0131 konulu hararetle tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmakta idi. Cayley bu konuya sessiz kalmam\u0131\u015f ve bayanlar\u0131n e\u011fitimde kesinlikle yer almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunmu\u015f ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. Cayley \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam etmi\u015f ve ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi uzun ve a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131 hastal\u0131k sonucu \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Sadece, Temel Eliptik Fonksiyonlar ad\u0131nda bir kitap yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Kaynak: matlab.cjb.net <\/p>\n

Augustin Louis CAUCHY<\/strong>
\n 1816 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren cebir ve mekanik dersleri vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 1830 devriminden sonra ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k and\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in g\u00f6revinden ayr\u0131ld\u0131 ve Torino’ya giderek kendisi i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lan matematik k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1833’te Bordeaux D\u00fck\u00fc’n\u00fcn fen e\u011fitimini y\u00f6netmek \u00fczere Prag’a \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131. 1838’de Paris’e d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Paris Fen Fak\u00fcltesi matematiksel g\u00f6kbilim profes\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne atand\u0131 ve 1852 y\u0131l\u0131na dek bu g\u00f6revini devam ettirdi. Cauchy, ar\u0131 ve uygulamal\u0131 matemati\u011fin b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6l\u00fcmleriyle ilgilendi. Ama tarihe \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme \u00fcst\u00fcne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

1821’de yay\u0131mlanan Cours d’analyse adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemenin ana ilkelerini g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdi ve bunlar\u0131 yap\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde ele\u015ftirdi; b\u00f6ylece elementer fonksiyonlar\u0131n ve serilerin incelenmesine kesinlik kazand\u0131rd\u0131. <\/p>\n

Cauchy her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, karma\u015f\u0131k bir de\u011fi\u015fkenin fonksiyonlar\u0131 kuram\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Bu konuda \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerde integrallemeydi (1814 – 1830): e\u011frisel integrali tan\u0131mlad\u0131, bunun temel \u00f6zelliklerini kan\u0131tlad\u0131 ve kalanlar hesab\u0131n\u0131 ortaya att\u0131. \u0130kinci grup \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda (1830 – 1846) fonksiyonlar\u0131n serilere a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve karma\u015f\u0131k diferansiyelleme ya da analitiklik kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 inceledi. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 cebir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 (yerine koyma hesab\u0131 , determinantlar ve matrisler kuram\u0131, gruplar ve cebirsel geni\u015flemeler kuram\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131) XIX. yy tarihsel hareketine, cebirsel yap\u0131lar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 ve incelenmesi bi\u00e7iminde ge\u00e7ti. Cauchy mekanik alan\u0131nda esneklik kuram\u0131n\u0131n matematikle ilgili y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenledi. G\u00f6kbilim hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015f-t\u0131rd\u0131 ve hatalar kuram\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

AL\u0130 KU\u015eCU T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131 astronomi ve matematik alimleri aras\u0131nda, ortaya koydu\u011fu eserleriyle hakl\u0131 bir \u015f\u00f6hrete sahip Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u, Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrklerinde, astronominin \u00f6nde gelen bilgini say\u0131l\u0131r. “Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131 onu 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yeti\u015fen m\u00fcstesna bir alim olarak tan\u0131r.” \u00d6yle ki; m\u00fcste\u015frik W .Barlhold, Ali Ku\u015fcu’yu “On Be\u015finci Y\u00fczy\u0131l Batlamyos’u” olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Babas\u0131, Ulu\u011f Bey’in … Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1669","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dn","category-mt"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1669","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1669"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1669\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1669"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1669"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1669"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}