Kurak ve yar\u0131 kurak iklim ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda yer alan \u00fclkemizde kurakl\u0131k ve \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fme sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma ile daha da artaca\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sulama, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6nemli bir sorunu da beraberinde getirmektedir; topraklar\u0131n tuzlanmas\u0131, yani arazi kalitesinin bozulmas\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fme!<\/p>\n
Ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde, toprak i\u00e7erisinde do\u011fal olarak bulunan tuzlar ya\u011fmur sular\u0131yla akarsulara ve yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r, bunlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla da deniz ya da g\u00f6llere kadar ula\u015f\u0131r. Bu nedenle ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 b\u00f6lge topraklar\u0131nda genellikle tuz birikmesi olmaz.<\/p>\n
\u0130klimi s\u0131cak, ya\u011f\u0131\u015f \u0131 az b\u00f6lgelerde tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim ve verimi artt\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla topra\u011fa kontrols\u00fcz-geli\u015fig\u00fczel verilen sular, i\u00e7lerinde do\u011fal olarak bulunan tuzu topra\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7ine dahil ederler. Fazla verilen bu su, ayn\u0131 zamanda taban suyunu y\u00fckseltmek suretiyle toprak ve taban suyu i\u00e7inde bulunan tuzlar\u0131 da yukar\u0131 do\u011fru harekete ge\u00e7irir. S\u0131ca\u011f\u0131n etkisiyle beraberinde toprak y\u00fczeyine kadar ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 tuzlar\u0131 burada b\u0131rakarak, h\u0131zla buharla\u015fmak suretiyle, toprak y\u00fczeyinde buzlanma yarat\u0131r, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimi s\u0131n\u0131rlar ve verimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. F\u0131rat Nehri\u2019nin iyi kalitedeki suyu bile her y\u0131l 10 dekar topra\u011fa 1,1 ton civar\u0131nda eriyebilir tuzlar\u0131n\u0131 dahil etmektedir.<\/p>\n
1940 y\u0131llar\u0131nda dizel motopomplar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131yla birlikte sulama masraflar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Suriye\u2019nin F\u0131rat Nehri havzas\u0131nda yeni alanlar tar\u0131ma kazand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1980 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre\u00e7te, bu arazilerin yar\u0131s\u0131na yak\u0131n k\u0131sm\u0131nda son derece y\u00fcksek tuz konsantrasyonlar\u0131 meydana gelmi\u015f ve bu alanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 terk edilmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 durum \u015fu anda GAP B\u00f6lgemizde de g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Harran Ovas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n topraklar\u0131nda belirgin bir tuzlanma ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. GAP B\u00f6lgesinin kalan topraklar\u0131 da sulamaya a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a, bu problem o k\u0131s\u0131mlarda da g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir. Sadece Harran Ovas\u0131 de \u011f il, t\u00fcm GAP topraklar\u0131n\u0131n ilerideki en \u00f6nemli sorunu tuzluluk olacakt\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn, bir zamanlar \u201cverimli ay\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanan Mezopotamya b\u00f6lgesindeki topraklar\u0131n %80\u2019i tuzlanarak elden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya tarihinde su kaynaklar\u0131 y\u00f6netimi uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde ve hatta \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015flerinde her zaman \u00f6nemli roller oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u0131s\u0131r, \u00c7in, Hindistan, Mezopotamya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131nda, hanedanl\u0131klar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ile su kaynaklar\u0131 y\u00f6netimi aras\u0131nda yak\u0131n ili \u015f kiler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Mezopotamya\u2019da drenaj\u0131n olmay\u0131 \u015f \u0131 ya da yetersizli\u011fi, sulama suyunun alt katmanlardaki tuzu bitki k\u00f6k derinli \u011f ine \u00e7\u0131kartmas\u0131 ve sulama suyundaki tuzun bitki k\u00f6k b\u00f6lgesinde birikmesi sonucunda tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131nda tuzlanmaya neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
\u00dclkemizde tuzlu, sodyumlu ve borlu topraklar \u0130 \u00e7 Anadolu ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere 1,6 milyon hektar alan kaplarlar. \u00d6zellikle bat\u0131 ve g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelerimizde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sulamalar sonucu toprak kalitesi bozulmu\u015f , tuzlanma, zararl\u0131 ve hastal\u0131k oranlar\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f ve verim d\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f t\u0131r.\u00c7ukurova, Gediz, S\u00f6ke ve Amik Ovalar\u0131 tipik \u00f6rneklerdir.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnyada h\u00e2l\u00e2 pek \u00e7ok sulama projesi, k\u0131sa vadeli ve ak\u0131lc\u0131 olmayan planlamalar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden tar\u0131m topraklar\u0131nda tuzlanmaya neden olmaktad\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada tuzlanman\u0131n y\u0131lda 2 milyon hektar gibi bir miktarla yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu nedenle sulama sayesinde elde edilen \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gelirlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck oranlarda azalmas\u0131na neden oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. T\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi \u00fclkemizdeki su t\u00fcketiminin %73\u2019\u00fc tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kurak ve yar\u0131 kurak iklim ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda yer alan \u00fclkemizde kurakl\u0131k ve \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fme sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma ile daha da artaca\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sulama, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6nemli bir sorunu da beraberinde getirmektedir; topraklar\u0131n tuzlanmas\u0131, yani arazi kalitesinin bozulmas\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fme! Ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde, toprak i\u00e7erisinde do\u011fal olarak bulunan tuzlar ya\u011fmur sular\u0131yla akarsulara ve yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r, bunlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla … Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,7],"tags":[486],"class_list":["post-1435","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cografya","category-dn","tag-collesme"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1435","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1435"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1435\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1435"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1435"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1435"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}