{"id":1410,"date":"2010-02-15T20:10:32","date_gmt":"2010-02-15T18:10:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/?p=1410"},"modified":"2010-02-15T20:10:32","modified_gmt":"2010-02-15T18:10:32","slug":"coller-ve-ozellikleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/coller-ve-ozellikleri.html","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7\u00f6ller ve \u00f6zellikleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c7\u00f6ller<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn yedide birini kaplayan \u00e7\u00f6ller ya\u015fam\u0131n olanaks\u0131z oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerden say\u0131l\u0131r. Bununla birlikte yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn en etkileyici do\u011fa par\u00e7alar\u0131 aras\u0131nda baz\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6ller de vard\u0131r. Buralarda ya\u015fayan hayvan ve bitkiler b\u00f6lgeye uyum sa\u011flayarak varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan insanlar ise vahalar olu\u015fturarak ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k yaparak ge\u00e7imlerini sa\u011flamaktad\u0131rlar. Bu kurak arazide sulama yoluyla ger\u00e7ek cennetler olu\u015fturmak olanakl\u0131d\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn pek \u00e7ok \u00e7\u00f6lden petrol ve de\u011ferli madenler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ya\u015fama D\u00fc\u015fman Bir Ortam<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn en kurak, bitkileri \u00e7ok az ya da hi\u00e7 olmayan b\u00f6lgelerine \u00e7\u00f6l denir. \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi buharla\u015fman\u0131n ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok olu\u015fudur. Tam \u00e7\u00f6llerde 11-12 ay s\u00fcren bir kurakl\u0131k d\u00f6neminden sonra 10 mm\u2019den az bir ya\u011f\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Gece ile g\u00fcnd\u00fcz aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr; bu fark +58 derece ile \u201310 derece aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. Bu y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 kayalar\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. B\u00f6ylece da\u011flar giderek birer moloz y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. S\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fmeleri kum ve toz f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131na neden olur. Kum tanecikleriyle y\u00fckl\u00fc r\u00fczgarlar \u00f6nlerine \u00e7\u0131kan kayalar\u0131 yontup bi\u00e7imlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Ya\u011fmur ya\u011fd\u0131ktan sonra sular\u0131n ak\u0131p gidece\u011fi yataklar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bunlar \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerdeki d\u00fczl\u00fcklerde birikir ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc buharla\u015fman\u0131n etkisiyle Cezayir ve Namibia\u2019daki gibi tuz g\u00f6lleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00f6llerin Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00f6l\u00fcn en ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan kurakl\u0131k \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerden kaynaklan\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6ller bulunduklar\u0131 yerlere g\u00f6re alize ya da d\u00f6nence \u00e7\u00f6lleri, i\u00e7 \u00e7\u00f6ller ya da k\u0131ta \u00e7\u00f6lleri ve k\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6lleri bi\u00e7iminde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Alize \u00e7\u00f6lleri neredeyse t\u00fcm yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7epe\u00e7evre saran bir ku\u015fak olu\u015fturur. Bunlar ekvatoral al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n her iki yan\u0131nda uzanan y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 b\u00f6lgesinde yer al\u0131r. Ekvator\u2019da \u0131s\u0131nan hava y\u00fckselerek kuzey ya da g\u00fcneydo\u011fuya y\u00f6nelirken kar\u015f\u0131 ak\u0131mlara yol a\u00e7ar. Bunlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yere do\u011fru inerek al\u00e7al\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylece i\u00e7lerindeki nem oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 10\u2019un alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fer. Bunlar \u00fcst\u00fcnden ge\u00e7tikleri alanlara kurakl\u0131k getirir. B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra ya da Arabistan Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndaki \u00e7\u00f6llerde s\u00fcrekli bu t\u00fcr r\u00fczgarlar eser. Denizden esen alize r\u00fczgarlar\u0131 ise Antiller\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi, y\u00fcksek oranda nem ta\u015f\u0131r ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015fa neden olur.<\/p>\n

K\u0131talar\u0131n i\u00e7indeki \u00e7\u00f6llerin az ya\u011f\u0131\u015f almas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni denize \u00e7ok uzak olmalar\u0131 ve \u00f6nlerinde bulunan s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n ya\u011f\u0131\u015f y\u00fckl\u00fc bulutlar\u0131n ilerlemesini engellemesidir. K\u0131\u015flar\u0131n \u00e7ok so\u011fuk ge\u00e7ti\u011fi bu t\u00fcr \u00e7\u00f6llere \u00f6rnek olarak Gobi verilebilir. K\u0131talar\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan k\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6llerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f nedeni so\u011fuk okyanus ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. (\u00d6rne\u011fin Afrika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Benguela Ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ile G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Humboldt Ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131.) Bu t\u00fcr so\u011fuk okyanus ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 6\uf0b0 C\u2019ye kadar d\u00fc\u015fmesine neden olur; bu nedenle denizden esen r\u00fczgarlar i\u00e7lerindeki nemi k\u0131y\u0131ya ula\u015famadan deniz \u00fcst\u00fcnde bo\u015faltmak zorunda kal\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr \u00e7\u00f6llere \u00f6rnek olarak Namib ve Atacama verilebilir.<\/p>\n

Sahra:Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn En B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sahra 8 milyon km2\u2019lik y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcyle alize \u00e7\u00f6llerinin en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Erg ad\u0131 da verilen kum \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fc, genel kan\u0131n\u0131n tersine b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca be\u015fte birini kaplar. Onun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan yerler kaya ve molozlardan olu\u015fur. Sahra\u2019da Tibesti ve Ahaggar gibi, y\u00fckseklikleri 3.265 m\u2019yi bulan da\u011flar da vard\u0131r. Buralar\u0131 g\u00f6rece daha \u00e7ok ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan ve g\u00f6\u00e7ebelerin yaz\u0131n konaklamalar\u0131na elveri\u015fli yerlerdir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Sahra\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 yerlerine arka arkaya 10 y\u0131l ya\u011fmur d\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi olur. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar mineralleri y\u0131kay\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcrmedi\u011fi ve bitkiler onlar\u0131 t\u00fcketmemi\u015f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcn zemini mineral besinler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok zengindir. Bunun i\u00e7in, uzun s\u00fcreli kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 atlatmay\u0131 beceren tohum taneleri k\u0131sa ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sa\u011fanaklar bi\u00e7iminde ya\u011fan ilk ya\u011fmurlarda hemen k\u00f6k sal\u0131p \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u00e7ar ve birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde olgunla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00f6llerin Ye\u015fil Adalar\u0131: Vahalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00f6llerde kilometrekareye d\u00fc\u015fen insan say\u0131s\u0131 bir ki\u015fiden daha azd\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar genellikle vahalarda ya\u015farlar. Vahalar ula\u015f\u0131labilir bir yer alt\u0131 ya da yer\u00fcst\u00fc su kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yapay bi\u00e7imde korunarak buraya getirilmesi ya da yer alt\u0131 kaynak sular\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal bi\u00e7imde y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla olu\u015fur. Sahra\u2019daki vahalar 8.000 km2\u2019lik bir alan\u0131, yani \u00e7\u00f6l alan\u0131n\u0131n binde 1\u2019ini kaplar. Buralarda daha \u00e7ok hurma a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 yeti\u015ftirilir. Ayr\u0131ca burada ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n gereksinimini kar\u015f\u0131layacak kadar dar\u0131, m\u0131s\u0131r, meyve ve sebze ekilir. \u00c7\u00f6l gemisi olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan develeri ve ke\u00e7i k\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00e7ad\u0131rlar\u0131yla bir otlaktan \u00f6tekine gidip gelen g\u00f6\u00e7ebeler, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca vahalarda yerle\u015fik ya\u015fay\u0131p tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015fanlar \u00fcst\u00fcnde egemenlik kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6\u00e7ebeler genellikle Sahra\u2019daki Tuaregler gibi ayn\u0131 zamanda ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k yapan sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 topluluklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uygarl\u0131k Geliyor<\/strong><\/p>\n

U\u00e7ak ve \u00f6teki ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla kervanlarla yap\u0131lan ticaret ve ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6nemini yitirmi\u015f ve Sahra\u2019daki g\u00f6\u00e7ebelerin \u00e7o\u011fu yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Ekolojik dengeleri \u00e7ok duyarl\u0131 olan ve gitgide kalabal\u0131kla\u015fan vahalar \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcn geni\u015fleyerek kendilerini yutma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. Bir zamanlar \u00e7\u00f6l \u015f\u00f6valyeleri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan insanlar art\u0131k ya petrol kuyular\u0131nda, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, uranyum ocaklar\u0131nda ya da \u00e7\u00f6l k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f sanayi tesislerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Yabanc\u0131 gezginler de \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fc ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir. Eski \u00e7a\u011flarda insanlar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleriyle ba\u015f ba\u015fa kalmak i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6llere \u00e7ekilirken, bug\u00fcn uygarl\u0131k yorgunu Avrupal\u0131lar \u00e7\u00f6lde ser\u00fcven gezilerine \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7\u00f6ller Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn yedide birini kaplayan \u00e7\u00f6ller ya\u015fam\u0131n olanaks\u0131z oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerden say\u0131l\u0131r. Bununla birlikte yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn en etkileyici do\u011fa par\u00e7alar\u0131 aras\u0131nda baz\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6ller de vard\u0131r. Buralarda ya\u015fayan hayvan ve bitkiler b\u00f6lgeye uyum sa\u011flayarak varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan insanlar ise vahalar olu\u015fturarak ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k yaparak ge\u00e7imlerini sa\u011flamaktad\u0131rlar. Bu kurak arazide sulama yoluyla ger\u00e7ek cennetler olu\u015fturmak olanakl\u0131d\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn … Devam\u0131n\u0131 oku…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[23,7],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1410"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1410"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1410\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1410"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1410"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sorubak.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1410"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}